Chemistry Lab Write-Up

The Effect of Temperature on the Rate of the Reaction Between Calcium Carbonate and 1. 0 M Hydrochloric Acid Josue Montoya IB Chemistry SL Mr. Pham Due Date: 07 March 2013 Dates Experiment Was Conducted: 27, 28, 29 February 2013 INTRODUCTION Research Question: How does altering the temperature at which calcium carbonate and 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid react, affect the rate of reaction? Aim: The purpose of the experiment is to demonstrate how changing the temperature at which a reaction takes place, either by lowering the temperature or making the temperature rise, affects the rate at which the reaction proceeds.To demonstrate how changing the temperature at which a reaction takes place affects the rate of the reaction, the reaction between calcium carbonate and 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid will be observed at 5 various temperature readings. The 5 varying temperatures are targeted towards being at 10? C, 20? C, 30? C, 40? C, and 50? C. It is highly improbable that each trial for each of the 5 different temperatures will be the exact temperature that was targeted, so it’s just important that you end up having a temperature fairly close to the targeted temperatures so that the rates of reactions that you do receive are as correct as possible.The rates of reaction will be obtained using an apparatus that will guide the carbon dioxide gas being produced from the reaction between the 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and the calcium carbonate from a reaction chamber into a flask containing water. This experiment will be performed by placing about 3. 0 grams of calcium carbonate chips into a flask containing 35 mL of 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid at one of the targeted temperatures. This flask is called the reaction chamber because it is the flask that contains the actual occurring reaction. The reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid creates carbon dioxide as one of its products.When the carbon dioxide goes through the tube connected to the plug that seals the re action chamber it enters the flask containing the water the water will be pushed up a different tube and will displaced into a 50 mL graduated cylinder where you can measure how long it takes for the water to be displaced up to a certain mark on the graduated cylinder using a stopwatch. In this specific experiment you will measure how long it takes for 15 mL of water to be displaced by the carbon dioxide gas being produced from the actual reaction. Background:The rate of a chemical reaction is inversely related to time. This means that the longer a reaction takes, the lower its rate. Rate can either be measured by the increase of product concentration divided by the time taken to achieve that concentration or by the decrease of reactant concentration divided by the time taken to reach that concentration of reactant (An Introduction to the Collision Theory in Rates of Reaction). The collision theory states that a chemical reaction is dependent on the collisions between reacting molec ules (An Introduction to the Collision Theory in Rates of Reaction).But, for a reaction to occur, these molecules must collide in the correct orientation and they must collide with sufficient energy to be able to overcome the activation energy needed for a reaction to take place (An Introduction to the Collision Theory in Rates of Reaction). Factors that have an effect on the rate of a reaction include the concentration of reactants at the beginning of a reaction, the surface area of the reactants, pressure at which the reaction held, the use of a catalyst, and the temperature at which a reaction is held(An Introduction to the Collision Theory in Rates of Reaction).Increasing the concentration of the reactants at the initiation of a reaction increases the rate of the reaction because as the concentration increases, the frequency of successful collisions between reacting particles increases as well (Ford 123). Therefore, lowering the concentration of the reactants decreases the rate of the reaction. Decreasing the particle size, or increasing the surface area of the reactants increases the rate of the reaction because by subdividing the reactants you allow for more of the reactant to be exposed and that will lead to higher probability that the reactants will collide and react(Ford 124).Increasing the pressure will increase the rate of reaction, only if the reactants are in a gaseous form because increasing the pressure will decrease the volume which will then increase the concentration of the gases and lead to more successful collisions(Ford 124). The use of a catalyst will always increase the rate of a reaction because it provides a lower activation energy for a reaction to undergo successfully (Ford 124-25). Temperature affects the rate of a reaction immensely.Increasing the temperature will increase the rate of all reactions because temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles and so the higher temperature represents an increase in their average kinetic energy (Ford 123). This also means that there will be a larger amount of particles exceeding the activation energy needed to collide successfully and react; this translates into an increase in the rate of the reaction (Ford 123). Many reactions tend to double their reaction for every 10?C increase in their temperature (The Effect of Temperature on the Rates of Reaction). But, by lowering the temperature at which a reaction takes place you lower the rate of reaction just as much as you increase the rate when you increase the temperature. Being able to control the temperature at which a reaction takes place is important because by being able to control the temperature you are also able to control the rate at which reactions happen, but most importantly you are able to control how fast you yield the product from the reaction. Practice test:  answer keyFor example, in the Haber Process the product that is being produced is ammonia (The Haber Process for the Manufacture of Ammonia). By using a low temperature the equilibrium of the solution shifts to the right and yields more product, but using too much of a low temperature and the reaction will take an extraordinarily long time to create ammonia as a product. To solve this problem pressure and concentration of reactants are increased in order to be able to use a higher temperature so that the rate of the reaction is high, yet still produces a good amount of ammonia (The Haber Process for theManufacture of Ammonia). In this experiment the reaction between 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate will be studied. The equation for the reaction between these two substances is: CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) > CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) The calcium carbonate reacts with the hydrochloric acid in order to produce calcium chloride, carbon dioxide, and water. In this experiment the rate of the production of the carbon dioxide will be indirectly measured through the timing of how long it takes for 15 mL of water to be displaced.But, if we are measuring how long it takes for 15 mL of water to get displaced into the 50 mL graduated cylinder we are also measuring how long it takes for 15 mL of carbon dioxide gas to displace the 15 mL water into the 50 mL graduated cylinder. Hypothesis: If the temperature at which the reaction between 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate increases, then the rate of the reaction between the 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate will increase as well.According to the collision theory, if the temperature at which any reaction is held is increased then the rate of that reaction will always increase (An Introduction to the Collision Theory in Rates of Reaction). Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles and so a higher temperature represents an increase in their average ki netic energy (Ford 123). This also means that there will be a larger amount of particles exceeding the activation energy needed to collide successfully and react; this translates into an increase in the rate of the reaction (Ford 123).But, temperature and the rate of a reaction are directly proportional. If you increase the temperature of a reaction the rate will increase as well, but if you decrease the temperature the rate will decrease too. Variables: Independent Variable: The temperature at which the reaction between 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate is held is the independent variable because it is the only variable that is being altered during the experiment. In the experiment we change the temperature of the 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid before the calcium carbonate is added for the reaction to proceed to 5 different temperatures.The 5 varying temperatures are to be approximately: 10? C, 20? C, 30? C, 40? C, and 50? C. We are able to change the temperature of the 1. 0 hydrochloric acid by emerging the 500 mL Erlenmeyer Flask containing the 35 mL of hydrochloric acid into cold or hot water baths. By changing the temperature of the 1. 0 hydrochloric acid, the temperature at which the calcium carbonate and the hydrochloric acid react is able to be changed and we are able to observe how the temperature at which a reaction between 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate affects the rate of the reaction.Dependent Variable: The rate of the reaction between the 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and the calcium carbonate is the dependent variable because it is the variable that is being affected by the changes in the independent variable, which in this experiment is the temperature at which the reaction is held. By changing the temperature at which the reaction is held you will either increase or decrease the rate, depending on whether you increased or decreased the temperature at which the reaction is held. To measure the rate of the reaction between the 1. M hydrochloric acid and the calcium carbonate, we will time how long it takes for the CO2 gas that is produced from the reaction between the hydrochloric acid and the calcium carbonate to displace 15 mL of water. To displace the water and measure the amount of time it takes to displace it we will use a water displacement apparatus that will allow us to take the carbon dioxide gas produced to enter a water chamber and displace the water from that chamber into a 25 mL graduated cylinder, and we will use a stopwatch to time how long it takes for 15 mL of water to be displaced.Controlled Variables: 1) The concentration and amount of hydrochloric acid used should remain consistent throughout the entire experiment. Therefore you should only use 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and only use 35 mL of it when conducting a reaction with calcium carbonate. To make sure your hydrochloric acid is of the same concentration every time you conduct a reaction, use the hydrochloric acid from the same sour ce every time, and to make sure you use 35 mL for every trial use a 50 mL graduated cylinder to measure the amount of hydrochloric acid before you place it into the 500 mL Erlenmeyer Flask.It is important to use hydrochloric acid with the same concentration throughout the entire experiment so that the rate of the reaction between the hydrochloric acid and the calcium carbonate isn’t affected by anything other than the temperature. If hydrochloric acid is of a higher concentration than 1. 0 M,   then the rate of the reaction will be faster than it should be, but if you use a hydrochloric acid with a concentration lower than 1. M then the rate of the reaction will be slower than it should be. 2) The amount of water being displaced should be consistent throughout the entire experiment, therefore you should time only how long it takes to displace 15 mL of water. To measure that you are timing how long it takes to displace 15 mL of water, use a 25 mL graduated cylinder. To get t he most accurate rates as possible, start the stopwatch after you place the calcium carbonate into the 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask containing the 1. M hydrochloric acid at one of the 5 targeted temperatures and you have sealed the flask with the cork, then stop the stopwatch as soon as you see the water being displaced reach the 15 mL mark on the 25 mL graduated cylinder. 3) The amount of calcium carbonate used throughout the experiment should remain constant, so you should use 3. 0 grams every time you perform a reaction between the calcium carbonate and the 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid. To make sure that you are using approximately 3. 0 grams of calcium carbonate in every experiment performed use a weighing balance to measure out the calcium carbonate.It is important to use 3. 0 grams of the calcium carbonate in every experiment because if you use more than 3. 0 grams then more carbon dioxide gas will be produced and the rate will increase because water is being displaced faster because o f the excess amount of calcium carbonate. But, if you use less than 3. 0 grams of calcium carbonate then the rate will be slower than it should be. METHOD Materials: 500 mL Erlenmeyer Flask 300 mL Erlenmeyer Flask 2 corks (plugs for that fit the 500 mL and 300 mL Erlenmeyer Flasks) Rubber Tubing 25 mL Graduated Cylinder 50 mL Graduated CylinderWeighing Balance Weighing Paper Stopwatch Calcium Carbonate Chips 1. 0 M Hydrochloric Acid 2 Glass Bowls Thermometer Heating Plate 400 mL Beaker Water Ice Procedure: Setup: Using the 500 mL Erlenmeyer Flask, 300 mL Erlenmeyer Flask, the rubber tubing, the 2 corks, and the 25 mL graduated cylinder make a water displacement apparatus like the one displayed in the diagram below. [pic] 2. Fill up the 300 mL Erlenmeyer Flask up to the 250 mL with water before each trial of the experiment is conducted. The larger 500 mL Erlenmeyer Flask is the reaction chamber in which the 1. M hydrochloric acid will be placed to react with the 3. 0 grams of calcium carbonate chips. The 25 mL graduated cylinder is where the water will be displaced into as the carbon dioxide gas enters the water chamber from the reaction chamber and displaced the water. Make sure to dispose of the water displaced into the 25 mL graduated cylinder after each trial. Experiment: Reaction at 10? C Set up an ice bath by putting ice and water into the glass bowl and set it aside so you can cool the hydrochloric acid later in the experiment. Using a clean 50 mL graduated cylinder, measure out 35 mL of 1. M hydrochloric acid and then place the measured out hydrochloric acid into the 500 mL Erlenmeyer Flask and set the flask with the 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid into the ice bath. Stick the thermometer into the hydrochloric acid and wait until the temperature of the hydrochloric acid drops to about 10? C. While waiting for the temperature of the 1. 0 hydrochloric acid to drop, use the weighing balance to measure out 3. 0 grams of calcium carbonate. First, place a piece of w eighing paper on the balance and tare it. After you have tared the weighing paper, measure out the 3. 0 grams of calcium carbonate.Put the calcium carbonate aside until you are ready to react it with the 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid. Swirl the 1. 0 hydrochloric acid in the ice bath until it reaches 10? C. If your temperature goes below 10? C, take the Erlenmeyer Flask with the hydrochloric acid out of the ice bath and wait for the temperature to go up to 10? C. Record the exact temperature of the hydrochloric acid in the 500 mL Erlenmeyer Flask. Once the temperature of the 1. 0 hydrochloric acid is about 10? C, place the 3. 0 grams of calcium carbonate into the 500 mL Erlenmeyer Flask containing the 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid at 10? C and cork it and start the timer.Stop the timer once 15 mL of water is displaced from the water chamber into the 25 mL graduated cylinder. Record the amount of time it took for the water being displaced to reach the 15 mL mark on the 25 mL graduated cylinder. Set up the water displacement apparatus for the next trial. Repeat steps 2-7 4 more times until you have done a total of 5 trials for the rate of the reaction between 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate at 10? C. Reaction at 20? C Set up an ice bath by putting ice and water into the glass bowl and set it aside so you can cool the hydrochloric acid later in the experiment.Using a clean 50 mL graduated cylinder, measure out 35 mL of 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and then place the measured out hydrochloric acid into the 500 mL Erlenmeyer Flask and set the flask with the 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid into the ice bath. Stick the thermometer into the hydrochloric acid and wait until the temperature of the hydrochloric acid drops to about 20? C. While waiting for the temperature of the 1. 0 hydrochloric acid to drop, use the weighing balance to measure out 3. 0 grams of calcium carbonate. First, place a piece of weighing paper on the balance and tare it. After you have tarred the weigh ing paper, measure out the 3. grams of calcium carbonate. Put the calcium carbonate aside until you are ready to react it with the 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid. Swirl the 1. 0 hydrochloric acid in the ice bath until it reaches 20? C. If your temperature goes below 20? C, take the Erlenmeyer Flask with the hydrochloric acid out of the ice bath and wait for the temperature to go up to 20? C. Record the exact temperature of the hydrochloric acid in the 500 mL Erlenmeyer Flask. Once the temperature of the 1. 0 hydrochloric acid is about 20? C, place the 3. 0 grams of calcium carbonate into the 500 mL Erlenmeyer Flask containing the 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid at 20?C and cork it and start the timer. Stop the timer once 15 mL of water is displaced from the water chamber into the 25 mL graduated cylinder. Record the amount of time it took for the water being displaced to reach the 15 mL mark on the 25 mL graduated cylinder. Set up the water displacement apparatus for the next trial. Repeat steps 10-15 4 more times until you have done a total of 5 trials for the rate of the reaction between 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate at 20? C. Reaction at 30? C Fill up a 400 mL beaker of water and heat it up until boiling on a hot plate. After it starts boiling place the water into the glass bowl.Using a clean 50 mL graduated cylinder, measure out 35 mL of 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and then place the measured out hydrochloric acid into the 500 mL Erlenmeyer Flask and set the flask with the 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid into the water bath. Stick the thermometer into the hydrochloric acid and wait until the temperature of the hydrochloric acid increases to about 30? C. While waiting for the temperature of the 1. 0 hydrochloric acid to increase, use the weighing balance to measure out 3. 0 grams of calcium carbonate. First, place a piece of weighing paper on the balance and tare it. After you have tared the weighing paper, measure out the 3. grams of calcium carbonate. Put the c alcium carbonate aside until you are ready to react it with the 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid. Swirl the 1. 0 hydrochloric acid in the water bath until it reaches 30? C. If your temperature goes above 30? C, take the Erlenmeyer Flask with the hydrochloric acid out of the water bath and wait for the temperature to go down to 30? C. Record the exact temperature of the hydrochloric acid in the 500 mL Erlenmeyer Flask. Once the temperature of the 1. 0 hydrochloric acid is about 30? C, place the 3. 0 grams of calcium carbonate into the 500 mL Erlenmeyer Flask containing the 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid at 30?C and cork it and start the timer. Stop the timer once 15 mL of water is displaced from the water chamber into the 25 mL graduated cylinder. Record the amount of time it took for the water being displaced to reach the 15 mL mark on the 25 mL graduated cylinder. Set up the water displacement apparatus for the next trial. Repeat steps 17-23 4 more times until you have done a total of 5 trials f or the rate of the reaction between 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate at 30? C. Reaction at 40? C Fill up a 400 mL beaker of water and heat it up until boiling on a hot plate. After it starts boiling place the water into the glass bowl.Using a clean 50 mL graduated cylinder, measure out 35 mL of 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and then place the measured out hydrochloric acid into the 500 mL Erlenmeyer Flask and set the flask with the 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid into the water bath. Stick the thermometer into the hydrochloric acid and wait until the temperature of the hydrochloric acid increases to about 40? C. While waiting for the temperature of the 1. 0 hydrochloric acid to increase, use the weighing balance to measure out 3. 0 grams of calcium carbonate. First, place a piece of weighing paper on the balance and tare it. After you have tared the weighing paper, measure out the 3. grams of calcium carbonate. Put the calcium carbonate aside until you are ready to react it with t he 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid. Swirl the 1. 0 hydrochloric acid in the water bath until it reaches 40? C. If your temperature goes above 40? C, take the Erlenmeyer Flask with the hydrochloric acid out of the water bath and wait for the temperature to go down to 40? C. Record the exact temperature of the hydrochloric acid in the 500 mL Erlenmeyer Flask. Once the temperature of the 1. 0 hydrochloric acid is about 40? C, place the 3. 0 grams of calcium carbonate into the 500 mL Erlenmeyer Flask containing the 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid at 40?C and cork it and start the timer. Stop the timer once 15 mL of water is displaced from the water chamber into the 25 mL graduated cylinder. Record the amount of time it took for the water being displaced to reach the 15 mL mark on the 25 mL graduated cylinder. Set up the water displacement apparatus for the next trial. Repeat steps 25-31   4 more times until you have done a total of 5 trials for the rate of the reaction between 1. 0 M hydrochloric a cid and calcium carbonate at 40? C. Reaction at 50? C Fill up a 400 mL beaker of water and heat it up until boiling on a hot plate. After it starts boiling place the water into the glass bowl.Using a clean 50 mL graduated cylinder, measure out 35 mL of 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and then place the measured out hydrochloric acid into the 500 mL Erlenmeyer Flask and set the flask with the 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid into the water bath. Stick the thermometer into the hydrochloric acid and wait until the temperature of the hydrochloric acid increases to about 50? C. While waiting for the temperature of the 1. 0 hydrochloric acid to increase, use the weighing balance to measure out 3. 0 grams of calcium carbonate. First, place a piece of weighing paper on the balance and tare it. After you have tared the weighing paper, measure out the 3. grams of calcium carbonate. Put the calcium carbonate aside until you are ready to react it with the 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid. Swirl the 1. 0 hydrochloric acid in the water bath until it reaches 50? C. If your temperature goes above 50? C, take the Erlenmeyer Flask with the hydrochloric acid out of the water bath and wait for the temperature to go down to 50? C. Record the exact temperature of the hydrochloric acid in the 500 mL Erlenmeyer Flask. Once the temperature of the 1. 0 hydrochloric acid is about 50? C, place the 3. 0 grams of calcium carbonate into the 500 mL Erlenmeyer Flask containing the 1. M hydrochloric acid at 50? C and cork it and start the timer. Stop the timer once 15 mL of water is displaced from the water chamber into the 25 mL graduated cylinder. Record the amount of time it took for the water being displaced to reach the 15 mL mark on the 25 mL graduated cylinder. Set up the water displacement apparatus for the next trial. Repeat steps 33-39   4 more times until you have done a total of 5 trials for the rate of the reaction between 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate at 50? C. DATA COLLECTING AND PR OCESSING Qualitative Data and Observations: Observations of the Reaction between 1. Hydrochloric Acid and Calcium Carbonate At Varying Temperatures |Temperatures At Which the Reaction Was Held |What Occurred to the Reaction (Observations) | |(Varying Temperatures) | | |10? C |The calcium carbonate did not cause much of a reaction in the chamber, it took a long time | | |for the water to travel up the tubes and reach the 15 mL mark on the graduated cylinder. |20? C |Reacted way quicker than the reaction between the hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate | | |at 10? C. | |30? C |Reacted quicker than the 20? C, and the water was displaced a lot quicker than in the | | |reaction between the hydrochloric acid and the calcium carbonate at 20? C. | |40?C |The reaction was quicker than the reaction of hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate at | | |30? C. The water was displaced fairly quickly. | |50? C |Most vigorous of all the reactions performed. The water started traveling up the tube | | |almost instantaneously. | The most vigorous reaction was the reaction that was held at 50? C.From this we can conclude that as the temperature at which a reaction is held is increased the rate of that reaction is increased as well. This leads us to understand that the relationship between the temperature of a reaction and the rate of the reaction are proportionally related. Raw Data: How the Temperature at Which the Reaction between 1. 0 M Hydrochloric Acid and Calcium Carbonate is Held Affects the Time It Takes to Displace 15 mL of Water |Targeted Temperatures |Trial # |Temperature At Which the Reaction Was Held |Time It Took For 15 mL of Water To Be | | | |(?C  ±0. 5) |Displaced | | | | |(seconds  ±. 0. 01) | |10 ? C |1 |10. 7 |94. 2 | | |2 |10. 1 |94. 1 | | |3 |10. 2 |94. | | |4 |10. 5 |94. 6 | | |5 |10. 5 |94. 1 | |20 ? C |1 |20. 4 |52. 4 | | |2 |20. 4 |52. | | |3 |20. 4 |52. 5 | | |4 |20. 3 |52. 1 | | |5 |20. 2 |52. 1 | |30 ? C |1 |30. 2 |22. | | |2 |30. 1 |22. 2 | | | 3 |30. 2 |22. 4 | | |4 |30. 3 |22. 2 | | |5 |30. 4 |22. 2 | |40 ?C |1 |40. 3 |18. 5 | | |2 |40. 6 |18. 2 | | |3 |40. 5 |18. 3 | | |4 |40. 6 |18. 4 | | |5 |40. |18. 4 | |50 ? C |1 |50. 6 |13. 5 | | |2 |50. 5 |13. 7 | | |3 |50. 0 |13. 4 | | |4 |50. 1 |13. | | |5 |50. 2 |13. 4 | Processed Data: Averages of the Temperatures Used in the Reaction between 1. 0 M Hydrochloric Acid and Calcium Carbonate and the Averages of the Time It Took For 15 mL of Water to Be Displaced As a Result of Those Temperatures |Average Temperature (? C) |Average Time it Took for 15 mL of Water to Get Displaced (seconds) | |10. 4 |94. | |20. 3 |52. 3 | |30. 2 |22. 2 | |40. 4 |18. 4 | |50. 3 |13. | This set of data was processed by taking each rate and temperature of one reaction at a specific targeted temperature and finding the averages by adding all the rates up and dividing by the total number rates added and by doing the same with the different temperatures recorded. Average Rates and Standard Deviation for the Reaction between 1. 0 Hydrochloric Acid and Calcium Carbonate at Varying Temperatures |Average Temperatures (? C) |Average Rate (mL/seconds) |Standard Deviation | |10. |0. 16 |0. 23 | |20. 3 |0. 29 |0. 26 | |30. 2 |0. 68 |0. 09 | |40. 4 |0. 82 |0. 11 | |50. 3 |1. 1 |0. 12 | The average rates were found by dividing the amount of water displaced by the amount of time it took to displace it. In this experiment we measured how long it took to displace 15 mL of water, so we divided 15 mL by how ever many seconds it took to displace that amount of water at the various temperatures. The standard deviation was found using Microsoft Excel. From the information in this chart we are able to create a graph displaying how temperature affects the rate of the reaction between 1. M hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate. Calculations: % Uncertainty For the Rate of the Reaction between 1. 0 M Hydrochloric Acid and Calcium Carbonate To calculate the % uncertainty for the rate of the reaction bet ween 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate you have first divide the uncertainty of the 25 mL graduated cylinder used to hold the 15 mL of water that were displaced in the experiment and divide it by the number of mL being displaced. The uncertainty of the 25 mL graduated cylinder is  ±0. 5 mL. So in this experiment you would divide the 0. 5 by 15 and get 0. 03. You take this number and multiply it by 100.Next, you will divide the uncertainty of the stopwatch, which in this experiment is  ±0. 01 seconds by the amount of time it takes to displace the 15 mL of water at a certain temperature. After you get the number from dividing the uncertainty by the amount of time it took to displace the 15 mL water you will multiply it by 100. You will add this number with the number you received from dividing the uncertainty of the 25 mL graduated cylinder and this will constitute you % uncertainty for the rate of the reaction between the 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonat e. GRAPHS [pic] CONCLUSIONThe purpose of this experiment was to evaluate how the changes in temperature affect the rate of the reaction between 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate. The relationship between temperature and the rate of the reaction was found by changing the temperature at which the reaction between the hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate was held. 5 different temperatures were used in the experiment. The rate of the reaction between the calcium carbonate and the hydrochloric acid was found by timing how long it took for 15 mL of water to get displaced by the carbon dioxide gas produced from the reaction.It was hypothesized that as the temperature at which the reaction between the hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate was increased then the rate of the reaction would increase as well. This was expected because the collision theory states that if the temperature at which any reaction is held is increased then the rate will certainly increase. The result s suggest that the hypothesis is true, and that if the temperature at which a reaction is held is increased then the rate will be increased as well.The results also suggest that if you decrease the temperature at which a reaction is held, then the rate will decrease as well. As the temperature was decreased from room temperature to about 10? C the rate of the reaction between 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and the calcium carbonate was averaged to be about 0. 16 mL of water displaced per second. But, as you increased the temperature the rate of the reaction increased. At 20 ? C, the rate was 0. 29 mL of water displaced per second, and at 30 ? C and 40 ? C the rates were 0. 68 and 0. 82 mL of water displaced per second.Finally the highest rate belonged to the reaction that was held at the highest temperature, which in the experiment was 50 ? C. The rate at 50 ? C was about 1. 11 mL of water displaced per second. From the results you are able to interpret that the relationship between tempe rature and the rate of a reaction is proportional. This means that as the the temperature at which a reaction is held is increased then the rate at which the reaction proceeds will increase as well. Some irregularities within the data come from the the rates that were recorded from the reactions held at 10 ?C and 20 ? C. These irregularities were a result from how long it took for the reaction to get going and produce carbon dioxide gas to displace the water. This could affect the way the data is interpreted because the rate of the reaction between the 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate at these two temperatures could be recorded incorrectly and the rates might be higher than what was recorded. EVALUATING THE PROCEDURE The first weakness in the experiment would be that the seal of the cork to the 500 mL Erlenmeyer Flask that contained the reaction between the 1. M hydrochloric acid and the calcium carbonate was not a strong seal. Throughout the experiment you could see b ubble being formed on the edge of of where the cork met the Erlenmeyer Flask as a result of weak seal. Because of this weak seal, not all of the carbon dioxide gas that was produced was being used to displace some of the water. This weakness could have gave us rates that were lower than they should have been. To correct this a cork that created a tighter seal could have been used, or the cork could have been pushed down harder to create a tighter seal.The second weakness comes from not starting the stopwatch at the exact time in every trial. This could have been a result from having to work alone. Throughout the experiment I pressed the timer to start the time right after I plugged the 500 mL Erlenmeyer Flask with the cork. The problem with this is that some times I plugged the flask faster than other times. This error could have been fixed by doing the experiment in a group of 2, so that one person could start the time as soon as they see you place the cork on the flask, rather tha n having to do it yourself after you already put the cork on yourself.The third weakness could have came from not having the exact same temperature each time for each different targeted temperature being tested. None of the temperatures were exactly the same, this lead to inconsistent rate readings which were either to high or to low what should have been. This could have been corrected using a temperature probe and getting the exact temperature every time rather than using a thermometer. IMPROVING THE INVESTIGATIONThe first suggestion for improvement is that instead of using the water displacement method to measure the rate of the reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate a gas pressure sensor and the LoggerPro system could have been used to measure the rate of the production of the carbon dioxide and indirectly measure the rate of the entire reaction. By using the gas pressure sensor instead of the timer and the water displacement apparatus we could have recorded mo re precise and accurate rates rather than the rates that were recorded from using the water displacement apparatus.The second suggestion for improvement is to use a temperature probe rather than a thermometer to check the temperature at which the reaction between the 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate is held. This would allow for a more accurate reading of the temperature rather than using the thermometer and have a greater uncertainty for the temperature. A more accurate temperature reading leads to more accurate rates, that allow us to correctly interpret how the changes in temperature actually affect the rate of the reaction of hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate.The third suggestion for improvement would be to perform the experiment in a pair. By doing so there would be less errors in the recording of how much time it takes to displace 15 mL of water. This way one person could start and stop the timer while the other person places the calcium carbonate into the 500 mL Erlenmeyer Flask containing the 1. 0 M Hydrochloric Acid at a specific temperature and corks it with the plug. Doing the experiment will lead to more accurate rate readings, that remain consistent throughout the entirety of the experiment. BIBLIOGRAPHY Zumdahl, Steven S. , and Susan A. Zumdahl. Chemistry.Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000. Print. Brown, Catrin, and Mike Ford. Chemistry: Standard Level : Developed Specifically for the IB Diploma. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education, 2008. Print. â€Å"An Introduction to the Collision Theory in Rates of Reaction. † An Introduction to the Collision Theory in Rates of Reaction. N. p. , n. d. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. â€Å"The Haber Process for the Manufacture of Ammonia. † The Haber Process for the Manufacture of Ammonia. N. p. , n. d. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. â€Å"The Effect of Temperature on Rates of Reaction. † The Effect of Temperature on Rates of Reaction. N. p. , n. d. Web. 10 Mar. 2013.

On Finding Nightingales in Human Voices Essay

Anne Finch’s â€Å"To the Nightingale† is an ode to a Muse, which is represented by the nightingale. The poem is written in a series of rhyming couplets that provides it a singsong rhythm throughout, which is appropriate for its subject. When emphasizing the merits of being a nightingale, the speaker articulates the difficulties of being a human poet, subject to judgment by his critics. In â€Å"To the Nightingale†, though the narrator recognizes the significance of the nightingale and even bestows upon it affirmative adjectives such as â€Å"sweet† and lofty titles like â€Å"harbinger of spring† (line 1), he knows the limitations of the bird as a poet. The first four lines indicate the admiration of the speaker for the nightingale. â€Å"This moment I attend to praise† (line 3) refers to the moment in which the nightingale will sing to announce the coming of spring. The speaker wishes to be as free with expressing himself, like the nightingale. As the line â€Å"Free as thine shall be my song† (line 5) indicates, he believes that as a human being, his singing is more restricted by his audience. On the other hand, the nightingale sings according to its nature, whether or not it pleases anyone. There is no fear of being ridiculed, or anxieties about not being praised. Moreover, the beauty of the nightingale’s singing is in its freedom: â€Å"Poets, wild as thee, were born/ Pleasing best when unconfined/ When to please is least designed/ Soothing but their cares to rest† (lines 7-10). These four lines may also suggest that the speaker is hoping to experience the same â€Å"unconfined† performance. Indeed, if the nightingale is his muse, he is inspired by its sheer autonomy and being true to itself. Some artists need their personal pain in order to produce depth of feeling. An artist who is experiencing problems while composing sad ballads will create genuine emotion which will be felt by their audience: â€Å"Cares do still their thoughts molest/ And still the unhappy poet’s breast, /Like thine, when best he sings, is placed against a thorn† (lines 11-13). The three lines, however, may also signify the other way around – that when at his best, a poet may experience loneliness brought by success. The next few lines incorporate gold as a metaphor for the beauty and the effect of the nightingale’s song, after praising the sweetness of it. â€Å"Canst thou syllables refine/Melt a sense that shall retain/Still some spirit of the brain† (lines 18-20). The words â€Å"refine† and â€Å"melt† elucidate the worth of the nightingale’s song. It can create something equivalent to gold, which consequently leaves a mark in the listener’s mind. The poem starts to change its tone by line 21. The speaker seems to expect more out of the nightingale, by asking it to change its note. He further commands â€Å"let division shake thy throat† (line 22), longing for the joyous varying and fluttering of the golden voice. At this point, the human poet, though still admiring the singing bird, becomes aware of discontent within himself. The lovely song may not have changed its tune for some other listener, but for the narrator it has in some way for he says â€Å"cease then, prithee, cease thy tune† (line 26). He even calls his muse â€Å"trifler†, or someone who takes nothing seriously by being a constant dreamer. â€Å"Wilt thou sing till June† (line 27), he asks. He previously tags the nightingale as a â€Å"harbinger of spring†. He then wonders if it will continue its singing even when summer is near. It is as if the nightingale has been given an obligation to announce spring, and when that obligation has been fulfilled there is no need to keep on going. The speaker has started to question inspiration and leans toward practicality. The speaker believes that there is too big a difference between a nightingale and a human poet; he has stopped dreaming about attempting to recreate the singing of a nightingale through human voice. â€Å"Thus we poets that have speech/ Unlike what the forests teach† (lines 30-31). To ease this discouragement, he lifts the human advantage of being able to speak. â€Å"If a fluent vein be shown/That’s transcendent to our own/ Criticize, reform, or preach/ Or censure what we cannot reach (lines 32-35). Nevertheless, he discerns what he is trying to do; he can identify the human trait of disparaging a talent or a quality that he cannot achieve for himself. â€Å"To the Nightingale† explores the dilemma of exploring a dream and aiming to reach its zenith without any thought of its limitations and consequences, and of choosing practicality and realistic aspirations. The poem achieves a light, song-like rhythm which prevents it from being completely dreary even at its despondent but sensible end.

Psychology paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychology paper - Essay Example One of the first similarities between what took place at the prison outside of Baghdad and what unraveled at the makeshift prison at Stanford is that the people portraying the guards had no previous experience in those roles. The United States soldiers only had experience as soldiers, but they still enforced their authoritative roles on their prisoners, much like the guards in the prison experiment. These roleplaying guards also did not have experience, though that did not stop them from making it known who had the greater power. In both cases, the soldiers and the pseudo-guards conformed to the roles of real prison guards the more that they exercised their power over the prisoners, doing what they could to dehumanize them. The guards and the prisoners alike had no choice but to accept these roles, even though the guards soon began to abuse their power. The abuse itself was similar in nature and in intensity. The purposes behind the abuse in both cases were to degrade and humiliate. The abuse was also used to instill a sense of fear in the prisoners, as well as to make it known who was in charge. The rights and bodies of the prisoners were violated, and they were denied essential aspects of a healthy life, such as food or a healthy environment.

Republic Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Republic Government - Essay Example The great French Revolution, although short-term, roused a new spirit of independence in Europeans. Later, in the 19th century, many countries outside Europe attained independence through continuous struggle; but the major turn out came after the 2nd World War, of which most of the countries developed a trend away from democracy. (Carey, 2007) Even though colonial life has almost ended, some parts of the world are still fighting for a proper government according to their own views. Two of these major parts are Palestine and Kashmir. What's ironical is that countries involved in these disputes are republics themselves; but look at the years of struggle these areas have gone through. Theoretically, the United States is a democratic republic nation where people exercise control over their rulers through elections and lobbying; but since implementation of the new constitution, the government has been facing extensive difficulties. Financial problem was the main worry of the new government. They were in huge debt due to the Revolutionary War, which was a threat to their economy. The need for roads and bridges was inevitable, but they could not be afforded. Enforcing new taxes was also a problem, which lead to the Whiskey Rebellion.

Technology trends in Hospitality Industry Essay

Technology trends in Hospitality Industry - Essay Example Engineering technology is the type of technology that seeks to study, design and expound on other specific types of technology. Modern technology has revolutionized the livelihoods and operational designs of human beings since the mid-20th century. Communication, which is the basic channel of human interaction, has greatly improved over time. In the ancient error, communication was hectic and time consuming. The ancient communication means comprised of messengers, signals such as smoke, drum beating, and letters (Barth & Hayes, 2006, p. 87). Technology has revolutionized the use of the internet, which has made communication within extreme corners of the world possible by the use of e-mails or even skype. Another milestone in the communication sector is the widespread and use of cellphones. Education has also improved in that the internet contains many things that learners strive to get acquainted to (Aswathapp, 2010, p. 45-63). The ancient bookshelves have been reduced to a single folder in a computer. Online education has also been on the rise since courses can be undertaken online. Other fields such as hea lth care facilities have improved through the introduction of modern sophisticated diagnostic tools that carry out effective medical practices. Industrial productivity has been on the rise through the introduction of machinery that performs tasks as many times more effectively as compared to humans. The hospitality industry is a widespread group of fields in the service provision branch that encompasses accommodation, event planning, theme parks, carriage, cruise line, and extra fields inside the travel and leisure industry. The hospitality industry is a billion dollar industry that depends on the availability of leisure time and extra income. According to Vermaan (2011, p. 11), hospitality components such as a cafeteria, guesthouse, or amusement parks comprise of multiple

History of Japan (The II World War and Postwar Period) Essay

History of Japan (The II World War and Postwar Period) - Essay Example The World War II ended in May 1945 in the European land and August 1945 in the Pacific. The war between the United States and Japan was an outcome of several years of Cold War due to the strong economic, political and cultural differences. The War erupted in December only when the Japanese military leaders and the civilian supporters decided to put an end to the Cold Wa. One of the main reasons for the Japanese outburst was their motivation to achieve their goals for autonomy and hence accomplish industrial, economic and political success as a nation and country. The clash between the United States and Japanese governments was driven by strong confrontations of racial and political dissimilarities which led to severe manifestations and penalties. The Americans forced Japan to adopt a racial and ethnic identity which they never wanted. Americans wanted to develop Japan commercially in the nineteenth century with a racial dominance of â€Å"whiteness†. The Japanese were convinced that the West’s military and technologies wanted the feudal nation of Japan to become entirely westernized. On the other hand, the influx of the Japanese immigrants to the West was a source of fear for the Americans that this was a slow and gradual invasion of the Asians into the American land. One of the important factors which led to the Japanese attack of the Pearl Harbor was the dysfunctional democratization in Japan that was going on for several years. The civilian leaders supported the Western-style democratic institutions which diminished the roles of the military and emperors. Bureaucratic politics and status discrepancies among the country also led to the Japanese outburst. Japanese invasions into China and Russia increased Japan ’s strength and the victories brought Japan forward as a strong opponent against the United States (Cashman & Robinson 2007). Japan’s mainland in Asia was increasing and the United States and Japanese elited started seeing each other as stong military and economic rivals. The Japanese troops started occupying the French clony in Indochina and as a response the United States cut off the oil export to Japan in 1940. Japan attack the Pearl Harbor in December 1941 along with two other islands Wake and Guam. In April 1941, US bombers started a bombing raid against Japan starting in Tokoyo. The United States also forced the Japanese-Americans to relocate in various isolated areas. This was followed by different attempts of invasions and fight made by both sides, some successful and other interepted. It was in August 1945 that the first atomic bomb was prepared and dropped in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This was the final straw causing the death of 100,000 people and followed by the surrender of the Japanese government. Japan signed a surrender document on Spetember 2nd 1945 (National Geographic, 2001). The atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was not just an end to the Pacific war but also ended the Tokyo’s dreams of racial reversal (Horne, 2004). Japan has a strong national identity as the first and historically only country which had been a victim of atomic bombing and its dreadful consequences. Japanese had a strong emotionalism which is associated to the atomic bombing victimization and the historic racial prejudice by the Americans. In the early post-war years, the Japanese, although harbouring strong hostility towards the Americans, were not able to bring their voices in front of the world because of many reasons. They were faced with circumstances of unemployment, hunger and no homes, and expressing hostility was the least thing on their mind. There was a sense of fear and many refrained from expressing any views against the

Arsenal Football Club Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Arsenal Football Club - Coursework Example Historical Record of Arsenal Football Club The financial performance of Arsenal Football Club was quite strong in the year 2010 and the club has also experienced significant drop of debt. From the historical viewpoint, the earnings of Arsenal Football Club have fluctuated. In the year 2001, the club had a profit of almost 24.3 million Pounds but in the subsequent year the club experienced loss of 20.5 million Pounds. The reason of loss in that financial year was rise in wages due to growth in the number of players (London Business School, 2009). Since initiation the club’s group turnover has progressed gradually. In the year 2005, the group turnover of Arsenal Football club was almost 138.4 million Pounds which had become more than double by 2010 to almost 379.9 million Pounds. The club also experienced growth of operating profit in that period. The low sales in the property development business were the main reason for decreasing operating profit in 2006. Arsenal Football Club operates in two prominent segments which are football and property development. Since the operating loss in the year 2006, the football segment has shown increased growth. In the year 2007, the turnover of football segment was almost 207.7 million Euros which had become 229.9 million Euros in 2009. The increase was generally motivated by new television series. In the year 2010, almost nineteen â€Å"Barclays Premier League†, 4 â€Å"UEFA Champion League†, 3 â€Å"FA Cup† and 2 â€Å"Carling Cup† matches were telecasted. The revenue of football segment mostly comes from the sales of tickets. The Emirates Stadium of Arsenal Football Club also hosted two international friendly matches (Arsenal Holdings PLC, 2007; Arsenal Holdings PLC, 2010). ... Arsenal Football Club operates in two prominent segments which are football and property development. Since the operating loss in the year 2006, the football segment has shown increased growth. In the year 2007, the turnover of football segment was almost 207.7 million Euros which had become 229.9 million Euros in 2009. The increase was generally motivated by new television series. In the year 2010, almost nineteen â€Å"Barclays Premier League†, 4 â€Å"UEFA Champion League†, 3 â€Å"FA Cup† and 2 â€Å"Carling Cup† matches were telecasted. The revenue of football segment mostly comes from the sales of tickets. The Emirates Stadium of Arsenal Football Club also hosted two international friendly matches (Arsenal Holdings PLC, 2007; Arsenal Holdings PLC, 2010). Source: (Arsenal Holdings PLC, 2005; Arsenal Holdings PLC, 2010) Property development is the other section from which Arsenal Football Club generates profits. In the year 2005, the company experience d low activity in property development business. The total turnover during the year was 23.3 million Pounds which was 44% lesser compared to 2004. In 2006, the turnover of property development business had increased to 23.8 million Pounds which was 4.6 times more compared to previous year. The reason for this increase in turnover was due to sale of ‘Drayton Park’, one of the expansion sites of Arsenal Football Club. In the year 2008, the returns of property development business had again reduced to 15.3 million Pounds, because the sales activity was restricted by the yielding leasehold interests and constricting operations within the communal housing component. In 2009–2010, Arsenal Football Club had seen extreme

Implications of Economic crisis on Greece economic Essay

Implications of Economic crisis on Greece economic - Essay Example Advancement in globalization can also be as a result of the advancement of internet. Business globalization can be termed as the idea of business organizations moving beyond their domestic markets to other markets in other countries. This paper aims at discussing globalization and how it affects the management of contemporary businesses. Globalization of businesses avails foreign goods in local markets. For instance, a person in South America can be sitting in their office sipping Italian wine while typing on a Chinese keyboard. This does not necessarily mean that this person had to travel all the way to Italy and China to seek such products. This is good for consumers of such products worldwide. For the business this will be good because with their goods being sold all over the world, they will not have to rely on the local markets (Etemad & Wright 2003, p. 89). With international markets, businesses will be able improve the diversity of their products to match the various needs and wants of different types of potential customers. This difference is always as a result of geographical, political, cultural, and economic differences of various people in the world. Globalization cannot be termed as a new concept. It is a concept that has been in business for centuries. However, it is only in the 21st century that globalization has become a common concept in business and business management. When business organizations exhaust the local markets they always find a way of stretching their territories into the international markets. At a point like this there are always many challenges that are always involved. However, as a business manager it is always good to take such challenges because they are always accompanied by best result. Globalization also leads to exchange of technologies. Businesses firms that have an international orientation always use new technologies to exploit new business opportunities. For instance, e-commerce and

Law for Non Lawyer Essay Example for Free

Law for Non Lawyer Essay As for one action, no matter it is legal or not is not only matches the law clauses, but also complies with the legal principle. Legal principle plays a vital role in the society. In the situation that the existing law would not have the ability to solve the new problems happened in the society, the legal principle can play a part in solving the problem. As for these situations that there are no explicit legal rules to solve the issue, the legal principle would take it. As for the relationship of the agent, the agent can represent the principal to do some things. Even if the contract is formed by the agent and the third party, the principal should take the responsibility finally. Body The Lawï ¼Å' unlike other rules, it is a symbol of authority and power. It relies on the compelling force of the state by different means of punishment. The law can be taking into many different forms, such as public law and private law, civil law and criminal law, common law and statute law, and so on. Public Law regulates the relations between citizens, companies and private associations on the one hand and the state on the other. Generally speaking, public law consists of Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, and Criminal Law. Private law regulates the relations between citizens, companies and private associations, such as tort law, contract law, land law, commercial law, and so on. Therefore, the law would play a role of guidance to people. For example, according to the criminal law, we can know what we can do and what we can not do. Under the press of the law, based on the fear of the punishment, we can prevent ourselves from committing a crime. Taking contract law for another example, the parties of the contract should bear the responsibility ruled in the contract. The unconstrained agreement is the basic element to a contract. Every party of the contract should comply with the quest ruled by the contract law. As for the application of common law, the judges should follow the previous decisions made in the process of the development of the law through doctrine of precedent. On the contrary, statute law is the laws made by the parliament. As for the use of the law in daily life, legal principle is one of the most important parts. At some situations, the application of the legal principle is more important than the legal clauses themselves. Due to the rapid development of the society and the economy, the evolution of the law can not keep up with the pace of the society and economy. In a result, in some cases, the existing law would not have the ability to solve the new problems happened in the society. So, as for these situations that there are no explicit legal rules to solve the issue, the legal principle is playing a vital role. According to the opinion of Leslie Green, another reason for the use of the legal principle is that law may be beneficial, but only in some contexts and always at a price, at the risk of grave injustice.[1] In general, the legal principle is formed in the process of the development of the law, experiencing a long history. It is always absorb the beneficial historical sources and develop into a useful material to match the need of the modern society for the law. It also develops to apply from an area to another area.[2] There are many legal principles can be used in our daily life. Such as the principle that everyone is equal before the law, signing a contract freely, protecting the public order and good morals, and so on. In the case of the background, although the action asking the friends to attend the party is match the rule of the law of the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010, Derek violates the legal principle of protecting the public order and good morals. As a result, Derek should take some responsibility in the civil law. In the case, Ray, the Manager of a builder’s merchants, asks Derek, a Sales Assistant at the same workplace, to keep an eye on his 5-acre smallholding while he is on holiday in Spain. Derek emails a few of his friends to attend his 21st birthday party in a disused barn on Ray’s farm land. Due to a technical error, the email was sent to his entire email address book. Over 600 people arrive at the party and a neighbor farmer calls the police complaining about the noise. Derek is arrested for breach of the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties Act 2010. For the Act, it applies to a gathering of more than a hundred people on land for a social purpose in which it is likely that alcohol will be consumed. It is a criminal offence to organize such a gathering without the permission of a local magistrate unless the organizer is an exempt person. (James B. Crippin, Jerry Ahern. Peter Squires. 2011) For the birthday party, it gathers over 600 people, it is up to the mustard of rally, that is, (1) particular majority participate; (2) participants have a more consistent motivation and purpose; (3) in the course, it has the serious violations, damage to public order, harm public safety or others. So, it needs to receive the permission of a local magistrate, otherwise, it will violate the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties Act 2010. From the case of the background, we can see Derek and Ray form an oral contract and an agent relationship. In general, a contract is formed at the basic of the mutual assent between the parties.[3] According to the view of Miguel Pickard, the relationship formed among the people is aim at the interests of the parties.[4] The agent relationship formed between Derek and Ray is a typical example. In the stage of the leave of Ray, Derek, as the agent of Ray, would gain some rights as well as some responsibilities. Agent is formed by two parties: the agent, the principal. In the sense of the law, the relationship of agent has three parties: agent, principal and the third party. An agent is the one who is empowered to represent the principal to do some things, either implied or expressly. In the real life, although the contract is signed by the agent and the third party, in fact, the legal relation is created between the principal and the third party. An agency is formed either by express agreement or by implied agreement. In general, the relationship of agent formed by implied agreement is shaped in some necessary or emergent situations or shaped by custom. Such as a person entrusts with others’ property, need to preserve immediately, impossible or extraordinarily difficult to communicate with the principal. Once two people create the agent relationship and publish to public by words or other forms, this means that the third party has the evidence t believe their agent relationship. The agent and the principal can not deny the relationship casually. If the third party believes one person who is actually no authority to represent the principal is the agent of the principal and do some trade or sign an agreement with this person, the principal can ratify the authority afterwards. But there are some limiting conditions for the ratification: the principal who should have the contractual capacity must be informed of all the fac ts of the agency and ratify the authority during a reasonable time; the ratification must be of the entire contract and can be inferred. As long as the authority is ratified, the relation formed between the agent and the third party is binding to the principal.[5]As for the agent relationship, all of the parties should take their own responsibility and enjoy the right. The agent should follow the principal’s instructions. The agent can not make profits in the name of the principal for himself secretly. In general, the right of the agent to represent the principal is limited. If the agent makes profits secretly making use of the benefit of the principal, it is illegal.[6] In order to serve for the principal, the agent would ask for remuneration from the principal. The agent has right to ask for indemnity and reimbursement from the principal as long as injured or hurt during the stage of agency. Once the principal tries to avoid the liability, the agent enjoys the right of lien. The principal should make explicit authority to the agent and give relevant reward to the agent. If the agent does not represent the principal as the follow of the principal, the principal can use some remedies, such as refuse to pay the agent, sue for damage, ask the agent to recover the thing as before. The most important legal effect of the agent relationship is that the principal should take the responsibility of the acts of the agent. In the case of the background, the action of the agent of purchasing the apartment is binding to the principal. The principal should take the responsibility for the agent action. The trade made by the agent and the third party is binding to the principal.[7] In general, the principal is not always disclosing. As for the disclosed principal, the principal is bound by any contract unless the following situations: the agent exceeds their authority, the agent agrees to be liable and the principal is non existent. With respect to the undisclosed principal, the third party can choose one or more to take the liability, while the principal can sue unless the identity of the party is essential to the contract. The agent relationship can be terminated for many reasons. The agent and the principal can make an agreement to end the relationship. The relationship also can be ended by other legal reasons, such as the death of one of the agent or the principal, time is expiring, and so on. In the case of the background, Derek, as the agent of Ray, gets some rights authorized by Ray. Derek can use the smallholding in reasonable means. Although Derek does not need to take the Criminal responsibility, he should bear the civil liability for his action which affects the normal life of the neighborhood around the smallholding. But, according the law about the agent, the principal Ray would be the first defendant. After Ray bears the responsibility for the action of Derek, Ray can ask for Derek to undertake the liability for his action. According to the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010, this Act applies to a gathering of more than a hundred people on land for a social purpose. But it is a criminal offence to organize a gathering if there is without the permission of a local magistrate unless the organizer is an exempt person. In the act, the exempt person means the occupier, any member of his family or his employee or agent of his. In the case of the background, Ray asks Derek to keep an eye on his 5-acre smallholding while he is on holiday in Spain. According to the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010, as the agent of Ray during his holiday in Spain, Derek in entitled to use the smallholding for some purpose. In order to celebrate the twenty-first birthday, Derek asks his friend to attend the party is match the provisions of the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010. Even if Derek does not gain the permission of a local magistrate, he also has the right to hold the party at the reason that he is an exempt person. The reason why Derek is an exempt person is that Derek becomes the agent of Ray in the period of Ray’s leave due to the agreement of both parties. However, even if the action of Derek to ask his friends to attend the party is comply with the quest of the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010, Conclusion In general, on action can infringe several laws. At the same time, one action is punished either it does not comply with the provision of the law or it does not match the legal principle. At some situations, legal principle plays a vital role in the society. In the situation that the existing law would not have the ability to solve the new problems happened in the society, the legal principle can play a part in solving the problem. As for these situations that there are no explicit legal rules to solve the issue, the legal principle would take it. As for the relationship of the agent, the agent can represent the principal to do some things. Even if the contract is formed by the agent and the third party, the principal should take the responsibility finally. Just as the case in the background, Derek should take the responsibility for his action. Reference ï ¼â€  Bibliography [1] Bolton Partners v Lambert (1889) 41 Ch D 295 [2] Christina Maria Vogerl, â€Å"Unfair Terms in Standard Form Contracts†, European Master Program in Law Economics. [3] Leslie Green, â€Å"the concept of law revisited†, Michigan Law Review, vol.94; 1687 [4] Lloyd Grace, Smith Co [1912] AC 716 [5] Lunghi v Sinclair [1966] WAR 172 [6] Miguel, P 2007,‘reflections on relationships: the nature of partnership according to five NGOs in southern Mexico’, Development in Practice, volume 17, numbers 4-5 [7] P. J. du Plessis, â€Å"The Creation of Legal Principle†, Roman Legal Tradition, 4 (2008), 46–69, ISSN 1943-6483 [8] James B. Crippin, Jerry Ahern. Peter Squires. (2011). â€Å"First Response to Bombing Incidents and Weapons of Mass Destruction†. Chemical Rubber Company Press. [9] Aled Griffiths, â€Å"How are statutes interpreted?†, page617, Law for Non-Lawyers, Second Edition, ISBN 978-0-85776-696-0 [1] Leslie Green, â€Å"the concept of law revisited†, Michigan Law Review, vol.94;1687 [2] P. J. du Plessis, â€Å"The Creation of Legal Principle†, Roman Legal Tradition, 4 (2008), 46–69, ISSN 1943-6483 [3] Christina Maria Vogerl,â€Å"-$%01234;@EFLRWX_hiwxyÃ… ½Ãƒ µÃƒ ¬Ãƒ  Ãƒ ¬Ãƒ µÃƒ ¬Ãƒ µÃƒâ€Ãƒ ¬Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¬Ã‚ ³Ã‚ §Ã…“? ³Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ³{ ³m ³aTD ³h–à ¬hà a «5?CJ aJ mHh ´Chà a «5?CJ aJ h–à ¬hà a «5?CJ aJ o([pic]hßshà a «5?CJ aJ hà a «5?CJ aJ Unfair Terms in Standard Form Contracts†, European Master Program in Law Economics. [4] Miguel, P 2007,â€Å"reflections on relationships: the nature of partnership according to five NGOs in southern Mexico†, Development in Practice, volume 17, numbers 4-5 [5] Bolton Partners v Lambert (1889) 41 Ch D 295 [6] Lunghi v Sinclair [1966] WAR 172 [7] Lloyd Grace, Smith Co [1912] AC 716

Time Value Essay Example for Free

Time Value Essay One of the most important concepts about saving and investing is the time value of money. It can be used to compare investment alternatives and to solve problems involving loans, mortgages, leases, savings, and annuities. This means money paid out or received in the future is not equivalent to money paid out or received today because inflation erodes money’s buying power. Basically, the power of time is on a person’s side and the premise that cash in hand today is more valuable than the same amount in the future due to its capability of earning interest. There are three factors affecting how much an investment will grow: time, money, and interest rate. Time Value of Money is a concept that is very important in financial management. It affects business, personal, and government finance (Harvey, 2012) Within this paper we will discuss the definition of Time Value of Money and identifies the importance of financial managers understanding the concept. Time, Money and Interest Rates Time has an important impact on the future value of money. Time is referred to as â€Å"N†, or â€Å"number,† and signifies the number of times something happens to your money. The earlier an individual invests, the more time their investment has to compound interest and increase in value. The effects of time on the value of money need to be taken into account when assessing investments. Investments (Money) with interest rates compounding frequently will yield higher returns. The higher the interest rate, the more money an individual will earn. However, and individual must understand an investment with a higher interest rate generally has a greater risk. Risk is the uncertainty the yield on an investment will deviate from what is expected. Generally, Present and Future Price of Money 2 having a savings or investment plan with a fixed interest rate guarantees a specific return but can provide a moderate risk. The last item to take into consideration with interest rates is ensuring the interest rate is higher than the rate of inflation. Inflation is the steady rise in the general level of prices of a market basket of goods. If the average interest rates rise, the amount a person earns from this type of investment will not increase. Another consideration with interest rates is ensuring the interest rate is higher than the rate of inflation. Need for Financial Managers Anyone who manages finances in a company setting , deals with consumer finance or running their own business is a financial manager and needs to understand the concept of Time Value of Money. A financial manager’s job it to compare the cost and benefits of alternatives that occur at different times. This is done by restating money values through time in Time Value of Money calculations. These calculations estimate what effect time will have on money. For these professionals to make decisions that will assist a client in taking advantages of low interest rates or investing wisely a comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the Time Value of Money is needed. Understanding this concept allows them to make better decisions. If they don’t understand the concept then they could make an unfavorable decision resulting in loss of money for the client or their business (Time Value of Money, 2013) Future Value and Present Value As an investor, you cannot control the rate of return on an investment. The actual yield is determined by the market as a whole, in the form of people buying and selling the investments at Present and Future Price of Money 3 a price that, coupled with the investment’s payouts, determines the yield. There are two fundamental formulas used to calculate the time value of money; the â€Å"future value† and the â€Å"present value† formulas. They’re basically the same formulas, but rearranged to solve for different values. The future value formula can answer the question, ‘how much money will I have if I invest a certain amount now, at a given rate of return†? The formula is FV=PV*(1+R)N, where FV is the future value (how much you’ll have later), PV is the present value (how much you’ll have now), R is the periodic rate of return or the percentage that your money will grow in each unit period of time. N is the number of unit periods of time in the overall time span. The following are examples of the calculation of future values: a) Solve for FV $150,537. 19 invested for seven years at an interest rate of 5% will yield a future value of $211,820. 94. FV = 150,537. 19 (1+ . 05)7 = 150,537. 19 (1. 05) 7 = 150,537. 19 (1. 40710042265625) = $211,820. 94 b) Solve for FV $237,891. 22 invested for eight years at an interest rate of 3% will yield a future value of $301. 353. 48. FV = 237,891. 22 (1 + . 03) 8 = 237,891. 22 (1. 03) 8 = 237,891. 22 (1. 266770081387616) = $301,353. 48 c) Solve for FV $320,891. 12 invested for 10 years at an interest rate of 11% will yield a future value of $911,144. 98. FV = 320,891. 12 (1 + . 11) 10 = 320,891. 12(1. 11) 10 = 320,891. 12 (2. 839420986069016) = $911,144.98 d) Solve for FV $520,520. 22 invested for 13 years at an interest rate of 13% will yield a future value of $2,549,513. 82. FV = 520,520. 22 (1 + . 13) 13 = 520,520. 22(1. 13) 13 = 520,520. 22(4. 898011103216606) = $2,549,513. 82 The present value formula is based on the same fundamental formula, but it’s â€Å"solved† for the PV term and assumes you will know the FV amount. The present value formula can Present and Future Price of Money 4 answer the question, ‘how much money would I have to invest now in order to have X dollars at a specific future date? ’. That formula is PV = FV/(1 + R) n where all the terms mean the same thing, except that R in this formula is typically referred to as the â€Å"discounted rate†, because its purpose is to lower a future amount of money to show what it is worth to you now (McCracken, 2014). The following are examples of the calculation of present value: a) If you receive a dividend of $562,126. 17 in 7 years at an interest rate of 5%. You initial investment would have been $399,492. 57. PV = 562,126. 17/(1 + . 05) 7 = 562,126. 17 / (1. 05) 7 = 562,126. 17/1. 40710042265625 = $299,492. 57 b) If you receive a dividend of $225,003. 21 in 6 years at an interest rate of 6%. Your initial investment would have been $158,618. 38. PV = 225,003. 21/(1 + . 06) 6 = 225,003. 21/(1. 06) 6 = 225,003. 21/1. 418519112256 = $158,618. 38 c) If you receive a dividend of $321,567. 35 in 5 years at an interest rate of 18%. Your initial investment would have been $140,560. 05. PV = 321,567. 35/(1 + . 18) 5 = $140,560. 05/(1. 18) 5 = 321,567. 35/2. 2877577568 = $140,560. 05 d) If your receive a dividend of $63,000. 05 in 12 years at an interest rate of 5%. Your initial investment would have been $35,080. 75. PV = 63,000. 05/(1 + . 05) 12 = 63,000. 05/ (1. 05) 12 = 63,000. 05/1. 795856326022129 = $35,080. 79 Annuity Present and Future Price of Money 5. An annuity is a series of identical payments occurring at equal time intervals. When the payments appear at the end of each time period, the annuity is said to be an ordinary annuity or an annuity in arrears. Present value calculations allow us to determine the amount of the recurring payments in an ordinary annuity if we know the other components: present value, interest rate, and the length of the annuity. Present value calculations involve the compounding of interest. This means that any interest earned is invested and will earn interest at the same rate as the principal. So, you earn interest on your interest. The compounding of interest can be very significant when the interest rate and the number of years are sizable. The present value of an annuity, represented by a series of equal payments, receipts or rents involve five components: (1) Present Value (2) Amount of each identical cash payments (3) Time between the identical cash payments (4) Number of periods that the payments will occur, length of the annuity and, (5) Interest rate or target rate used for discounting the series of payments. If you have any 4 of the 5 components, you have the information you need to calculate the unknown component. Calculations of Annuity. Suppose you are to receive a stream of annual payments of $325,891. 12 every year for 12 years starting at the end of this year. The interest rate is 6%. What is the present value of these 12 payments. PVA = PMT [( 1- (1 /(1 + r) n )) /r ] = 325,891. 22[(1- (1/(1 + . 06) 12))/. 06] = 325,891. 22[(1- (1/(1 . 06) 12))/. 06] Present and Future Price of Money 6 = 325,891. 22[(1 – (1/20121964718355))/. 06] = 325,891. 22[(1-. 496969363577001)/. 06] = 325,891. 22[. 503030636422999/. 06] = 325,891. 22 x 8. 383843940383317 = $2,732,221. 13 is the present value of the 12 payments. Suppose you are to receive a payment of $437,891. 24 at the end of each year for five years. You are depositing these payments in a bank account that pays 15% interest. Given these five payments and this interest rate, how much will be in your bank account in five years? FVA = PMT [((1 + r) n – 1) /r] = 437,891. 24 [((1 + . 15) 5 – 1)/. 15] = 437,891. 24 [((1. 15) 5 – 1)/. 15] = 437,891. 24 [(2. 0113571875 -1) /. 15] = 437,891. 24 [1. 0113571875/. 15] = 437,897. 24 x 6. 74238125 = $2,952,429. 69 will be in your bank account at the end of 5 years. Conclusion Present Value and Future calculations seem to be a simple way to compare money at different periods of time. Utilizing the future value calculation a person is able to determine the estimated future value of investments based on periodic, constant payments and constant interest rate. It ca also be used to calculate the future of loans payments. Time Value Money is a basic tool in finance that is used every day. Utilizing this concept can help individuals and companies weight all the options so the best decision can be made to Present and Future Price of Money 7 prosper in the future. Understanding and having the knowledge about saving and investing is very important to our generation, especially with the very bleak look of social security. References Biger, N. (2008). Explanation of present values and net present values. Harvey, C. R. (2012). Time Value of Money. Retrieved January 16, 2013, from The Free Dictionary: http://financial-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/Time+value+of+money McCracken, M. , (n. d. ) The time value of money. Retrieved January 2014 from http://www. teachmefinance. com/timevalueofmoney. html Present and Future Price of Money 8 Time Value of Money Overview. (n. d. ) Retrieved January 17, 2013, from University of West Florida: http://uwf. edu/rconstand/fin4424web/T2-TimeValue/T2-TimeValuePO1. htm Present and Future Price of Money.

Study on Employee Satisfaction Levels

Study on Employee Satisfaction Levels INTRODUCTION Human resource Development has in recent year become the focus of attention of planners policy makers and administration. It is important not only for an enterprise but also for a nation to develop its human resources. Employees Job Satisfaction is one of the main areas of HRD. Organizations are social systems where human resources are the most important factors for effectiveness and efficiency. Organizations need effective managers and employees to achieve their objectives. Organizations cannot succeed without their personnel efforts and commitment. Job satisfaction is critical to retaining and attracting well-qualified personnel. This is especially an issue in medical institutions such as hospitals where specialist training and retention are highly important Employee job satisfaction is an attitude that people have about their jobs and the organizations in which they perform these jobs. Methodologically, we can define job satisfaction as an employees affective reaction to a job, based on a comparison between actual outcomes and desired outcomes. Job satisfaction is generally recognized as a multifaceted construct that includes employee feelings about a variety of both intrinsic and extrinsic job elements. It encompasses specific aspects of satisfaction related to pay, benefits, promotion, work conditions, supervision, organizational practices and relationships with co-workers. Concerns about employee job satisfaction are just as critical in the apparel industry as they are in other business sectors. Similarly, the motivation to investigate job satisfaction among health care employees is similar to the interest of research concerning job satisfaction in industrial settings. Numerous factors influence employee job satisfaction, including: salaries, fringe benefits, achievement, autonomy, recognition, communication, working conditions, job importance, co workers, degree of professionalism, organizational climate, interpersonal relationships, working for a reputable agency, supervisory support, positive affectivity, job security, workplace flexibility, working within a team environment and genetic factors. Sources of low satisfaction are associated with working with unskilled or inappropriately trained staff, laborious tasks such as documentation, repetition of duties, tensions within role expectations, role ambiguity, role conflict, job/patient care, feeling overloaded, the increasing need to be available for overtime, relations with co-workers, personal factors and organizational factors Irvine and Evans (1995) have also underlined the importance of work characteristics (routine, autonomy and feedback), characteristics of how the work role is defined (role conflict and role ambiguity) and characteristics of the work environment (leadership, stress, advancement opportunities and participation) in relation to job satisfaction. Justification for the need to investigate job satisfaction is exemplified in the seemingly observed relationship between the levels of job dissatisfaction, absenteeism, grievance expression, tardiness, low morale and high turnover. Job satisfaction is an immediate antecedent of intention to leave the workplace and turnover. Unsatisfied workers will leave their jobs more than their satisfied colleagues. Retention and turnover of staff, particularly highly skilled personnel, are important issues for managers in the current health care environment. Employees who experience job satisfaction are more likely to be productive and stay on the job. Furthermore, more satisfied employees have more innovative activities in continuous quality improvement and more participation in decision-making in organizations. Job satisfaction is also found to be positively-related to patient satisfaction. Among determinants of job satisfaction, leadership is viewed as an important predictor and plays a central role. Leadership is a management function, which is mostly directed towards people and social interaction, as well as the process of influencing people so that they will achieve the goals of the organization. Numerous studies carried out in several countries showed that there is a positive correlation between leadership and the job satisfaction of health care providers Organizational success in obtaining its goals and objectives depends on managers and their leadership style. By using appropriate leadership styles, managers can affect employee job satisfaction, commitment and productivity. Leadership style can be viewed as a series of managerial attitudes, behaviors, characteristics and skills based on individual and organizational values, leadership interests and reliability of employees in different situations. It is the ability of a leader to influence subordinates to performing at their highest capability. This factor captures the extent to which management respects workers, operates with honesty and integrity, promotes efficiency, and has open lines of communication with employees. The subject of leadership is interesting for many researchers. The continued search for good leaders has resulted in the development of many leadership theories. Studies have been carried out to determine how leadership behaviors can be used to influence employees for improved organizational outcomes. In the past several decades, management experts have undergone a revolution in how they define leadership and their attitudes toward it. They have gone from a very classical autocratic approach to a very creative and participative approach. Ideas about management and leadership have changed considerably in recent years. People today are better-educated and more articulate. They can no longer be commanded in the same way as before. There needs to be much more involvement and participation at work. There are several styles of leadership such as: autocratic, bureaucratic, laissez-faire, charismatic, democratic, participative, situational, transactional, and transformational leadership. Not everyone agrees that a particular style of leadership will result in the most effective form of organizational behavior. Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach. No one leadership style is ideal for every situation, since a leader may have knowledge and skills to act effectively in one situation but may not emerge as effectively in a different situation. COMPANY PROFILE INTRODUCTION OF ORIENT CRAFT Orient Craft Limited started in the year 1972 by Mr. Sudhir Dhingra with four employees and then Orient Craft was set up in the year 1978 to take over the existing business and has now grown to 8000 employees in seventeen factories. Orient Craft Indias No. 1 Garment Manufacturer and Exporter and is the recipient of the â€Å"Gold Trophy† given by Govt. of India for highest global exports out of the country for the year 1997, 1998, 2000 2001. Besides many other export and quality awards, Orient Craft won the highest award for being Indias larges knit apparel manufacturer and also the award for being the second largest in global exports for the year 1999. Orient Craft bagged the Bid World Quality commitment International Start Award in the Platinum Category for the year 2001 and Gold award for the year 2000 and won also many other awards and certificates from the Ministry of Textiles and states like on Sep 19, 2004, Won the â€Å"Entrepreneur of the year 2003† from the prestigious Ludhiana Management Association. The company is growing rapidly, year after year and has its manufacturing facilities spread over 6000000 sq. ft. area with seventeen factories in and around Delhi. Another state of the art Manufacturing Complex, covering 3, 40,000 sq. ft. of covered space is completed in December 2001. This manufacturing facility is the single largest manufacturing plant in whole of India producing cut and sew knits, woven sportswear, ladies formal suits and sweaters under one roof. Company has the most modern manufacturing plants in the country with over 1, 40,000 sq/ ft. of covered area in one location. The company deploys over 73000 imported sewing machines for its manufacturing operations in Woven and Knit units. The company has in-house lab testing for garments, fabrics, and trims. Its labs are well equipped to test for all parameters including Color-Fasteners to light. Orient Craft Limited also has several in-house latest Computerized Unit, In-house garment Dyeing Units, Manual Sand-blasting and laser sand-blasting units. The company has three 100% export oriented unit thereby having the advantage of importing all raw materials, trims free or duty from any part of the world. The company also has a specialized Home furnishing Division, Wherein all Soft Furnishing products are manufactured and exported to some of the most prominent brands. COMPANY PROFILE OF 7D ORIENT CRAFT LIMITED 7-D, Maruti Industrial complex, Sec-18 Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon (HR) Tel : 0124-2342043 to 47, 5090800, Fax : 0124-2341110, 2342042 Year Established 1995 Type of company Privately Held Owners/Directors Mr. Sudhir Dhingra Mr. K. K. Kohli Mr. Anoop Thatai Mr. Ravi Dhingra Mr. Vikas Mr. Sahil Dhingra Mrs. Manju Dhingra Annual Turnover F.O.B. US $ Million for 2003-2004 Minimum Order Quantity 200 Dozen per Style No. of people Employed 8500 in-house Production Capacities 50000 Dozen Per Month (Woven) 50000 Dozen Per Month (Knits) Major Export Markets U.S.A. E.E.C., Canada Major Products Blouses Skirts Pants and shorts Dresses Jackets Outwear Mens Shirts Kids wear Co-ordinates Knitted Shirts/T-Shirts Major Customers Dillards Stores Loft Gap Tommy Hilfiger J-Crew Liz Claiborne Susan Bristol Next Retail Ltd. Nike Dockers Ann Taylor Banana Republic J. G. Hook Ralph Lauren Jones of New York Levis Lands End Abarcrombie and Fitch COMPANY ENVIRONMENT OF 7D 7A Company is situated in approximately 10 acres of land. It is having a beautiful garden in front and is surrounded by various decorative plants. Interior is well facilitated for normal working conditions. Nearly 3500 people are working here. Among them most of them are very co-operative, well behaving with outsiders. Company is giving all type of facilities to its employees like transport, canteen, medical and other incentives. The new HRD and labor welfare department of this company on one side playing a great role by tuning every department, to get maximum benefit to the company and on the other it is taking care of all employees and workers, it is also giving chance to new people to build their career as strong as possible in their reputed company. The production part of this factory is divided into six units. Here no. of machines are more than 1000. Ground floor is called basement or 2nd unit. Here cutting, finishing, sewing are simultaneously going on. Next to 2nd, unit 1 is present where cutting, sewing as well as finishing takes place. Above 1st unit 3rd unit is there, which is also known as 100% EOU, Where only production is going on i.e. sewing and finishing. Above 3rd unit 4th unit is there, there also only sewing and finishing takes place. The top floor is called as 5th unit where sewing, finishing and embroidery is also going on. The last unit in 7A is called 6th unit where sewing and finishing takes place. In the present scenario of stiff competition of quality and price in the international market, the Indian garment industry is not in the position of producing an expensive and lower quality product. Looking at the present market demand of producing inexpensive and lower quality product, Orient Craft have to increase the productivity, lower the wastages on production floor and make use of attachments, folders, special machines and equipment to have a good quality product, in all these activities industrial engineer plays an important role. Today the industrial engineering has become the back bone of the garment industry. In Orient Craft Ltd., Industrial Engineering Department consist of an I.E. head, eight I.E. executives reporting to Mr. Brian Long (VP Technical). Each I.E. executive is assigned the particular production floors, thus this department is covering all the floors of 7-D, 6-C, 14-A, Home furnishing and sampling department. Besides working on enhancing the productivity and quality, lowering wastages, proper utilization of resources like special machines and equipments, this department is also assigned the project like designing the floor layouts for the new production floors and to develop new production techniques to increase the productivity. RULES AND RESPONSIBILITY OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEER IN ORIENT CRAFT LIMITED Sampling Re-Engineering- The work of an industrial starts with sampling re-engineering at the proto-stage so as to get to best possible construction and the use of folders and attachments in the style. Pre-production planning- Pre-production planning starts with the receiving of a sample from the merchant of the stages of the two pieces, which is to be made on the production floor. After receiving the sample the initial operation bullet layout and new style requirement sheet is made. The purpose of making initial o/b, and layout is to know the quantity and type if manpower, machines, attachments, presses, bucks, profiles, dies etc required in the style and make sure everything is in house at the pilot stage. Target setting- After having a rough idea of manpower and machines required from the initial o/b the company has to find out exactly how many machines and manpower is needed in the style. For this 5 pieces of cutting is taken and time motion study of that 5 pieces with RD department using the proper method, motion and rating is done. Final operation bulletin and layout- After tune and motion study the company make final operation bulletin and layout from this finally the company come to know the number of manpower and machines required to meet the targets. This operation bulletin and layout has to be cross checked by I.E head and then it is signed by RD head and then it is passed to production manager. Line setting- Line setting is the implementation of the layout and operation bulletin, which is done in conjunction with line in charge, supervisor, mechanic, Q.A and technician. Bottle neck identification- After line setting the next job is to know the bottleneck of the line due which targets are not met.   Follow ups- This is one of the important job of industrial engineer, to do the follow up of machines folders attachments, dies, profiles whether they are in house or not before the production starts and to be in correct with concerned persons for that and to make sure everything in house before the production. Use of modern equipment- To know and develop attachments and folders, which can be used on production floors to enhance productivity and also to make sure the proper utilization of modern machines and equipment on the production floor. Projects- Besides all the above activities we are also handle projects on plant layouts, settings up of pre-assembly section etc. Reporting- This includes the reason why the targets are not met and action taken by production manager to eliminate it. This report is given to I.E head on the daily basis. INTRODUCTION OF THE QUALITY DEPARTMENT Its gives immense pleasure in introducing Orient Craft as one of the quality department in Hand Embroidery, Adda Embroidery, Computer Embroidery, and Machine Embroidery Schiff lie Embroidery. This department has a modern and very sophisticated design which give a good quality to production to ensure consistency in quality of Garments with our embroider and in house sampling works. Embroidery Department has been in the forefront with other department in creating the good quality and acceptability. Over the year Embroidery Department has stepped up in the quality ladder and is today giving good quality that are increasingly finding acceptability with buyers. â€Å"In the prevailing situation, the company needs all rounder, not specialist. These all are created with the help of the existing team of the company. The team supports each other and with the help of training team gets confidence. Today, orient Craft is more comfortable in handling both quality as well as quantity. And sure, with an excellent team of people, the department is set to cruise higher altitudes in future. ROLE OF THE EMBROIDERY DEPARTMENT This Department is now very supporting in Orient Craft Ltd. Representing the company from the last few years Embroidery department provides the resources expertise and dedication support to production, and the company employ has dedicated themselves in making an acceptability quality for Buyer. Embroidery Department has been helping to production department dramatically grow their business for the company, as a part of their commitment to being a value adding department of Orient Craft Limited. Embroidery Department has over the year acquired strong and meaningful business relationship with production, Merchant Cutting department the company always been in vogue with the fashion trends. Orient Craft is now trying to emphasize on converting the quality to make the process, trouble free for the production department. The company is assuring the quality and total standard action with its in-house production. So now it can be said that this department is playing a very important role in Orient Craft Limited. DOCUMENT USED IN THE COMPANY Material Transfer Slip (MTS Book) is very important document for the maintaining the records of whichever style run in Embroidery department.   All records can be maintained properly with MTS books as it is very important for the company. ROLE OF THE CANDIDATE The attitude of the company with the new joiner person is very supportive and cooperative with that person. To achieve the better quality and better embroidery design, the company higher officers should have better understanding of the workers need and priorities. One should be more dedicated towards their commitments of work. And this can be only achieved if the company has the right people and their processes are transparent and continuously optimized to achieve higher quality at lower cost. ITS FLOW CHART Stitch PiecesCutting Dept-Unstitch Pieces Prod Dep Emb Dep Emb Dep Issue to Embroider Issue to Embroider Reed after Emb. Reed after Emb    Quality Checking Quality Checking Cutting Production Finishing CENTRALIZED CUTTING ROOM AT ORIENT CRAFT LIMITED SIGNIFICANCE OF AN ORGANIZED CUTTING ROOM:- On average a garment had approximately 50%-60% of its total allocated to fabric and yet, most manufacturing units have no quality and production system monitor the inspection, spreading and cutting of it. The sewing department on the other hand only makes up to 20%- 30% of the total cost of a garment but accounts for nearly all the monitoring and productivity costs. INTRODUCTION:- Orient Craft Ltd. has centralized cutting facilities. The cutting room is feuding to all the swing floors situated in Udoyg Vihar. The company follows comprehensive production and quality procedures in cutting room. FORMATES USED IN CUTTING ROOM Approval for cutting go ahead Call out for cutting Cutter efficiency chart Daily cut plan Monthly cut plan Cutting file checklist Fabric relaxation Approval additional cutting Bundle control system Color code for different shrinkage Cutting RD Hourly report Fusing system CUTTING ROOM PROCEDURES IN ORIENT CRAFT LIMITED:- Pre -production meeting is organized to discuss all the aspects of a style. All the concerned persons, for example merchandiser, production manager, IED, cutting manager, pattern master etc is present in this meeting, to discuss the technicalities. In the cutting department there are three cutting teams. Master prepares a cut order plan and after job order is received from the production manager, master gets the fabric from the fabric stores and maker from the CAD department. Most common considerations during cut order planning No of sizes in order No of color in the order Maximum/minimum no of sizes allowed in marker Maximum spread length Maximum ply height Fabric cost per yard Cut table fabric width Width variation Fabric utilization report Fabric inspection report Lot card Shrinkage report Fabric having Lycra, spandex, wool blend are relaxed for 10 to 12 hours, prior to spreading. Quality assurance inspector conducts inspection after spreading and cutting. He checks the layer for following defects:- After spreading Marker placing Tension Miscut Notches Bowing Leaning Others After cutting Accuracy Matching the top, middle and bottom ply with pattern Notches/drill holes Fabric layering system:- Spreader in the cutting room receives layer spreading cutting job card from the master. This document has all the details for the spreading of each lay. From this document the spreading personnel can make sure that the following fabric details are correct before beginning to spread Fabric type Fabric name Fabric width Shrinkage Color Lot no Layer length No of pieces Total pieces Quality control of the spreading:- As soon as the spreading of a lay is finished the quality assurance inspector is asked to check it before cutting can commence. The quality control inspector in the cutting room will receive the spreading and cutting report from the cutting room manager. This document has all the relevant details for the inspector, to ensure that the spreading is right. The quality assurance inspector ensures the following:- Fabric Number of piles Lay length Ends Tension Remnant Splices Pattern Quality control of the marker:- The quality control inspector would check the following:- Correct marker Ratio Pattern Missing pieces on the marker is quite a common problem in cutting rooms especially if number of components in a garment is more. That is why the total no of the pattern pieces is checked. There must be no overlapping of the pattern pieces on the marker either. Once the fabric is cut there is no question of taking it back for a change or refund. All possible precautions must be taken in the cutting room to ensure that once the knife cuts into the fabric everything is correct. Quality control of cutting:- After the quality assurance inspector approves the spreading, the lay is ready for cutting. The cutter can also make sure that the following marker details are correct before starting to cut the fabric. Cut number Marker number Marker length Fabric spreading length The cutting personnel ensure that the markers have been placed in the correct direction on the fabric. Areas for checking are as follows: Ensure that all the edges of the marker have fabric underneath them-ends and sides. Ensures that the marker is laid square to the fabric and not-at an angle to the fabric. If this not controlled then it will create problems in the sewing section. Fusing system:- A properly trained supervisor is appointed to check temperature, pressure and timing cycle each morning, noon, mid afternoon and at critical fabric changes. Check for consistent temperature and across fusing head. The quality control department on daily basis reviews results. Quality assurance department evaluates fusible parts for defects such as color change, surface appearance and hand feel. Fuse line temperatures are established using temperature papers. Fuse line temperature is the temperature between the shell fabric and the fusible product at the time of fusing. Some times due to special finishes on the shell fabric, fusing machine is adjusted accordingly. Numbering system:- This is probably one of the most important control points in the manufacturing process. All the components are numbered including parts of the garments that have embroidery, fusing or washing and other value addition. If numbering is not done, then the problems of shaded garments, incorrect sized garments and garment pieces occur. These entire problem can be avoided using number system. The company is having separates numbering tables. Once cutting is carried out, the cut parts are put on the trolley and moved to the numbering table. Separate numbering tables are the best as they allow the cutting table to be cleared immediately after the cutting of the fabric has taken place. Stickers can be located on either the right or wrong side of the fabric depending on whether the garment will have interlining attached to it. It should be noted that if the stickers are attached to the right side of the fabric, then snickering not left on the fabric. GARMENT PROCESSING UNIT Aim: To work towards most moderate washes while striking a right balance of handwork and chemistry. Also to achieve/generate consistency of shades and quick production techniques keeping in view the requirement of our esteem clientele. Capabilities :- well starting with neat rinse washes, silicon sand wash, peach hand brushing on party wears, whickering coupled with Laser sand Blasting and tinting on Denims. Garment overdyes : -we have to our experience, Heavy canvas Garment overdyes added with stone enzyme wash to give it a weathered look; vintage Grannys garment looks are possible. We do garment over dyes on Linen, Denims, canvas, Twills and the list is being added upon every day at our RD section. Range of colors is available On demand, shade bands are well taken care of. For twills, we have facility to do BIOPOLISHING which added with sand wash, silicone wash, gives fabulous hand feel, and a strong crisp as and how desired. Laser :- The design made over the surface of fabric by laser engraving technology are being strongly pursued by various customer of OCL this fashion is yet to Explored by masses as it is a Rare Technology. Well seeing believes and only few of special clientele of orient craft saw this machine creating designs on various denims, canvas, jersey, and especially overdyes left speechless, yet smiling. STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR TRIMS Receive Indent from Merchandiser Ensure that work sheet describes the complete specifications of accessories. Decide the vendor to whom order is to be placed based upon rates. Prepare the purchase order Place the P.O. to the vendor and enter the details in purchase register RECEIPT Receive information of material arrival along with bill/challan Verify the description and quantity of bill with relevant P.O and P.O register Verify the quantity with bill Send one piece of the accessory on the approval card to the concerned merchandiser. However, approval is not required for production equipments and consumables Enter the details of consignment in store receipt Update stock register and style sheet in file ISSUE Receive requirement of material on requisition slip and verify authorized signatures Prepare challan for the items to be issued Issue the material and get acknowledgement on the challan Update stock register and style sheet in file Receive the material returned from production along with style number indicated on return challan Verify that the material is not damaged. If so, indicate on challan Update stock register STORAGE PRESERVATION Keep the rejected material in the area defined for it Keep the approved material at defined location Ensure that adequate preventive measures are taken to safe-guard the material against damage LITERATURE REVIEW MEANING AND NATURE OF JOB SATISFACTION The term ‘Job Satisfaction is of great relevance in the field of human resource management. So we can define Job Satisfaction a: â€Å"Job Satisfaction is a set of favorable or unfavorable feeling which employees view in their work. Job Satisfaction is the fulfillment and gratification that comes from work. It is not the money, the benefits or the vacations. It is the good feeling one receive from doing his work itself. Anyone who works in an organization develops a set of attitude about work which is usually referred under the term job satisfaction. Like other attitudes Job Satisfaction is composed of emotional informational and behavioral elements can vary in intensity and consistency can be acquired from a variety of sources. Virtually every job can provide a level of satisfaction. Job Satisfaction comes when one accept a job for what it is and exploits the sources of satisfaction that comes with it. Many different sources of satisfaction are tied to the same job. Good feeling can come from high performance, quality work, learning new skills, working as a part of a team, assisting coworkers, and receiving compliments. Job Satisfaction is achieved daily by digging out ‘satisfiers wherever they can be found. This is true even if an individual is marking time until he or she gets into a better carrier area. The trick is to enjoy your present job while you prepare for a better one. Many people gain considerable satisfaction from doing ordinary jobs. They make quality time out of their working hours no matter what their assignment may be. So, from the discussion we can say that job Satisfaction and different aspects of their job. It is the extent to which people like (satisfaction) or dislike (dissatisfaction) their jobs. As it is generally assessed, job satisfaction is an attitudinal variable. In the part, job Satisfaction was approached by some researcher from the perspective of need fulfillment- that is whether or not the job meets the employees physical and psychological needs for the things provided by works such as pay. LEVELS OF SATISFACTION Job Satisfaction varies. Researcher suggests, the higher the prestige of the job, the greater the job satisfaction. But, many workers are satisfied in even the least prestigious jobs. They simply like what they do. -Most workers like their work if they have little supervision. -The list satisfied workers are those in service occupations and managers that work for others.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   -Ethnic and religious orientation is associated to work attitudes and Job Satisfaction is related to education. EFFECTS OF JOB SATISFACTION ON ATTITUDES OF THE EMPLOYEES The term Study on Employee Satisfaction Levels Study on Employee Satisfaction Levels INTRODUCTION Human resource Development has in recent year become the focus of attention of planners policy makers and administration. It is important not only for an enterprise but also for a nation to develop its human resources. Employees Job Satisfaction is one of the main areas of HRD. Organizations are social systems where human resources are the most important factors for effectiveness and efficiency. Organizations need effective managers and employees to achieve their objectives. Organizations cannot succeed without their personnel efforts and commitment. Job satisfaction is critical to retaining and attracting well-qualified personnel. This is especially an issue in medical institutions such as hospitals where specialist training and retention are highly important Employee job satisfaction is an attitude that people have about their jobs and the organizations in which they perform these jobs. Methodologically, we can define job satisfaction as an employees affective reaction to a job, based on a comparison between actual outcomes and desired outcomes. Job satisfaction is generally recognized as a multifaceted construct that includes employee feelings about a variety of both intrinsic and extrinsic job elements. It encompasses specific aspects of satisfaction related to pay, benefits, promotion, work conditions, supervision, organizational practices and relationships with co-workers. Concerns about employee job satisfaction are just as critical in the apparel industry as they are in other business sectors. Similarly, the motivation to investigate job satisfaction among health care employees is similar to the interest of research concerning job satisfaction in industrial settings. Numerous factors influence employee job satisfaction, including: salaries, fringe benefits, achievement, autonomy, recognition, communication, working conditions, job importance, co workers, degree of professionalism, organizational climate, interpersonal relationships, working for a reputable agency, supervisory support, positive affectivity, job security, workplace flexibility, working within a team environment and genetic factors. Sources of low satisfaction are associated with working with unskilled or inappropriately trained staff, laborious tasks such as documentation, repetition of duties, tensions within role expectations, role ambiguity, role conflict, job/patient care, feeling overloaded, the increasing need to be available for overtime, relations with co-workers, personal factors and organizational factors Irvine and Evans (1995) have also underlined the importance of work characteristics (routine, autonomy and feedback), characteristics of how the work role is defined (role conflict and role ambiguity) and characteristics of the work environment (leadership, stress, advancement opportunities and participation) in relation to job satisfaction. Justification for the need to investigate job satisfaction is exemplified in the seemingly observed relationship between the levels of job dissatisfaction, absenteeism, grievance expression, tardiness, low morale and high turnover. Job satisfaction is an immediate antecedent of intention to leave the workplace and turnover. Unsatisfied workers will leave their jobs more than their satisfied colleagues. Retention and turnover of staff, particularly highly skilled personnel, are important issues for managers in the current health care environment. Employees who experience job satisfaction are more likely to be productive and stay on the job. Furthermore, more satisfied employees have more innovative activities in continuous quality improvement and more participation in decision-making in organizations. Job satisfaction is also found to be positively-related to patient satisfaction. Among determinants of job satisfaction, leadership is viewed as an important predictor and plays a central role. Leadership is a management function, which is mostly directed towards people and social interaction, as well as the process of influencing people so that they will achieve the goals of the organization. Numerous studies carried out in several countries showed that there is a positive correlation between leadership and the job satisfaction of health care providers Organizational success in obtaining its goals and objectives depends on managers and their leadership style. By using appropriate leadership styles, managers can affect employee job satisfaction, commitment and productivity. Leadership style can be viewed as a series of managerial attitudes, behaviors, characteristics and skills based on individual and organizational values, leadership interests and reliability of employees in different situations. It is the ability of a leader to influence subordinates to performing at their highest capability. This factor captures the extent to which management respects workers, operates with honesty and integrity, promotes efficiency, and has open lines of communication with employees. The subject of leadership is interesting for many researchers. The continued search for good leaders has resulted in the development of many leadership theories. Studies have been carried out to determine how leadership behaviors can be used to influence employees for improved organizational outcomes. In the past several decades, management experts have undergone a revolution in how they define leadership and their attitudes toward it. They have gone from a very classical autocratic approach to a very creative and participative approach. Ideas about management and leadership have changed considerably in recent years. People today are better-educated and more articulate. They can no longer be commanded in the same way as before. There needs to be much more involvement and participation at work. There are several styles of leadership such as: autocratic, bureaucratic, laissez-faire, charismatic, democratic, participative, situational, transactional, and transformational leadership. Not everyone agrees that a particular style of leadership will result in the most effective form of organizational behavior. Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach. No one leadership style is ideal for every situation, since a leader may have knowledge and skills to act effectively in one situation but may not emerge as effectively in a different situation. COMPANY PROFILE INTRODUCTION OF ORIENT CRAFT Orient Craft Limited started in the year 1972 by Mr. Sudhir Dhingra with four employees and then Orient Craft was set up in the year 1978 to take over the existing business and has now grown to 8000 employees in seventeen factories. Orient Craft Indias No. 1 Garment Manufacturer and Exporter and is the recipient of the â€Å"Gold Trophy† given by Govt. of India for highest global exports out of the country for the year 1997, 1998, 2000 2001. Besides many other export and quality awards, Orient Craft won the highest award for being Indias larges knit apparel manufacturer and also the award for being the second largest in global exports for the year 1999. Orient Craft bagged the Bid World Quality commitment International Start Award in the Platinum Category for the year 2001 and Gold award for the year 2000 and won also many other awards and certificates from the Ministry of Textiles and states like on Sep 19, 2004, Won the â€Å"Entrepreneur of the year 2003† from the prestigious Ludhiana Management Association. The company is growing rapidly, year after year and has its manufacturing facilities spread over 6000000 sq. ft. area with seventeen factories in and around Delhi. Another state of the art Manufacturing Complex, covering 3, 40,000 sq. ft. of covered space is completed in December 2001. This manufacturing facility is the single largest manufacturing plant in whole of India producing cut and sew knits, woven sportswear, ladies formal suits and sweaters under one roof. Company has the most modern manufacturing plants in the country with over 1, 40,000 sq/ ft. of covered area in one location. The company deploys over 73000 imported sewing machines for its manufacturing operations in Woven and Knit units. The company has in-house lab testing for garments, fabrics, and trims. Its labs are well equipped to test for all parameters including Color-Fasteners to light. Orient Craft Limited also has several in-house latest Computerized Unit, In-house garment Dyeing Units, Manual Sand-blasting and laser sand-blasting units. The company has three 100% export oriented unit thereby having the advantage of importing all raw materials, trims free or duty from any part of the world. The company also has a specialized Home furnishing Division, Wherein all Soft Furnishing products are manufactured and exported to some of the most prominent brands. COMPANY PROFILE OF 7D ORIENT CRAFT LIMITED 7-D, Maruti Industrial complex, Sec-18 Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon (HR) Tel : 0124-2342043 to 47, 5090800, Fax : 0124-2341110, 2342042 Year Established 1995 Type of company Privately Held Owners/Directors Mr. Sudhir Dhingra Mr. K. K. Kohli Mr. Anoop Thatai Mr. Ravi Dhingra Mr. Vikas Mr. Sahil Dhingra Mrs. Manju Dhingra Annual Turnover F.O.B. US $ Million for 2003-2004 Minimum Order Quantity 200 Dozen per Style No. of people Employed 8500 in-house Production Capacities 50000 Dozen Per Month (Woven) 50000 Dozen Per Month (Knits) Major Export Markets U.S.A. E.E.C., Canada Major Products Blouses Skirts Pants and shorts Dresses Jackets Outwear Mens Shirts Kids wear Co-ordinates Knitted Shirts/T-Shirts Major Customers Dillards Stores Loft Gap Tommy Hilfiger J-Crew Liz Claiborne Susan Bristol Next Retail Ltd. Nike Dockers Ann Taylor Banana Republic J. G. Hook Ralph Lauren Jones of New York Levis Lands End Abarcrombie and Fitch COMPANY ENVIRONMENT OF 7D 7A Company is situated in approximately 10 acres of land. It is having a beautiful garden in front and is surrounded by various decorative plants. Interior is well facilitated for normal working conditions. Nearly 3500 people are working here. Among them most of them are very co-operative, well behaving with outsiders. Company is giving all type of facilities to its employees like transport, canteen, medical and other incentives. The new HRD and labor welfare department of this company on one side playing a great role by tuning every department, to get maximum benefit to the company and on the other it is taking care of all employees and workers, it is also giving chance to new people to build their career as strong as possible in their reputed company. The production part of this factory is divided into six units. Here no. of machines are more than 1000. Ground floor is called basement or 2nd unit. Here cutting, finishing, sewing are simultaneously going on. Next to 2nd, unit 1 is present where cutting, sewing as well as finishing takes place. Above 1st unit 3rd unit is there, which is also known as 100% EOU, Where only production is going on i.e. sewing and finishing. Above 3rd unit 4th unit is there, there also only sewing and finishing takes place. The top floor is called as 5th unit where sewing, finishing and embroidery is also going on. The last unit in 7A is called 6th unit where sewing and finishing takes place. In the present scenario of stiff competition of quality and price in the international market, the Indian garment industry is not in the position of producing an expensive and lower quality product. Looking at the present market demand of producing inexpensive and lower quality product, Orient Craft have to increase the productivity, lower the wastages on production floor and make use of attachments, folders, special machines and equipment to have a good quality product, in all these activities industrial engineer plays an important role. Today the industrial engineering has become the back bone of the garment industry. In Orient Craft Ltd., Industrial Engineering Department consist of an I.E. head, eight I.E. executives reporting to Mr. Brian Long (VP Technical). Each I.E. executive is assigned the particular production floors, thus this department is covering all the floors of 7-D, 6-C, 14-A, Home furnishing and sampling department. Besides working on enhancing the productivity and quality, lowering wastages, proper utilization of resources like special machines and equipments, this department is also assigned the project like designing the floor layouts for the new production floors and to develop new production techniques to increase the productivity. RULES AND RESPONSIBILITY OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEER IN ORIENT CRAFT LIMITED Sampling Re-Engineering- The work of an industrial starts with sampling re-engineering at the proto-stage so as to get to best possible construction and the use of folders and attachments in the style. Pre-production planning- Pre-production planning starts with the receiving of a sample from the merchant of the stages of the two pieces, which is to be made on the production floor. After receiving the sample the initial operation bullet layout and new style requirement sheet is made. The purpose of making initial o/b, and layout is to know the quantity and type if manpower, machines, attachments, presses, bucks, profiles, dies etc required in the style and make sure everything is in house at the pilot stage. Target setting- After having a rough idea of manpower and machines required from the initial o/b the company has to find out exactly how many machines and manpower is needed in the style. For this 5 pieces of cutting is taken and time motion study of that 5 pieces with RD department using the proper method, motion and rating is done. Final operation bulletin and layout- After tune and motion study the company make final operation bulletin and layout from this finally the company come to know the number of manpower and machines required to meet the targets. This operation bulletin and layout has to be cross checked by I.E head and then it is signed by RD head and then it is passed to production manager. Line setting- Line setting is the implementation of the layout and operation bulletin, which is done in conjunction with line in charge, supervisor, mechanic, Q.A and technician. Bottle neck identification- After line setting the next job is to know the bottleneck of the line due which targets are not met.   Follow ups- This is one of the important job of industrial engineer, to do the follow up of machines folders attachments, dies, profiles whether they are in house or not before the production starts and to be in correct with concerned persons for that and to make sure everything in house before the production. Use of modern equipment- To know and develop attachments and folders, which can be used on production floors to enhance productivity and also to make sure the proper utilization of modern machines and equipment on the production floor. Projects- Besides all the above activities we are also handle projects on plant layouts, settings up of pre-assembly section etc. Reporting- This includes the reason why the targets are not met and action taken by production manager to eliminate it. This report is given to I.E head on the daily basis. INTRODUCTION OF THE QUALITY DEPARTMENT Its gives immense pleasure in introducing Orient Craft as one of the quality department in Hand Embroidery, Adda Embroidery, Computer Embroidery, and Machine Embroidery Schiff lie Embroidery. This department has a modern and very sophisticated design which give a good quality to production to ensure consistency in quality of Garments with our embroider and in house sampling works. Embroidery Department has been in the forefront with other department in creating the good quality and acceptability. Over the year Embroidery Department has stepped up in the quality ladder and is today giving good quality that are increasingly finding acceptability with buyers. â€Å"In the prevailing situation, the company needs all rounder, not specialist. These all are created with the help of the existing team of the company. The team supports each other and with the help of training team gets confidence. Today, orient Craft is more comfortable in handling both quality as well as quantity. And sure, with an excellent team of people, the department is set to cruise higher altitudes in future. ROLE OF THE EMBROIDERY DEPARTMENT This Department is now very supporting in Orient Craft Ltd. Representing the company from the last few years Embroidery department provides the resources expertise and dedication support to production, and the company employ has dedicated themselves in making an acceptability quality for Buyer. Embroidery Department has been helping to production department dramatically grow their business for the company, as a part of their commitment to being a value adding department of Orient Craft Limited. Embroidery Department has over the year acquired strong and meaningful business relationship with production, Merchant Cutting department the company always been in vogue with the fashion trends. Orient Craft is now trying to emphasize on converting the quality to make the process, trouble free for the production department. The company is assuring the quality and total standard action with its in-house production. So now it can be said that this department is playing a very important role in Orient Craft Limited. DOCUMENT USED IN THE COMPANY Material Transfer Slip (MTS Book) is very important document for the maintaining the records of whichever style run in Embroidery department.   All records can be maintained properly with MTS books as it is very important for the company. ROLE OF THE CANDIDATE The attitude of the company with the new joiner person is very supportive and cooperative with that person. To achieve the better quality and better embroidery design, the company higher officers should have better understanding of the workers need and priorities. One should be more dedicated towards their commitments of work. And this can be only achieved if the company has the right people and their processes are transparent and continuously optimized to achieve higher quality at lower cost. ITS FLOW CHART Stitch PiecesCutting Dept-Unstitch Pieces Prod Dep Emb Dep Emb Dep Issue to Embroider Issue to Embroider Reed after Emb. Reed after Emb    Quality Checking Quality Checking Cutting Production Finishing CENTRALIZED CUTTING ROOM AT ORIENT CRAFT LIMITED SIGNIFICANCE OF AN ORGANIZED CUTTING ROOM:- On average a garment had approximately 50%-60% of its total allocated to fabric and yet, most manufacturing units have no quality and production system monitor the inspection, spreading and cutting of it. The sewing department on the other hand only makes up to 20%- 30% of the total cost of a garment but accounts for nearly all the monitoring and productivity costs. INTRODUCTION:- Orient Craft Ltd. has centralized cutting facilities. The cutting room is feuding to all the swing floors situated in Udoyg Vihar. The company follows comprehensive production and quality procedures in cutting room. FORMATES USED IN CUTTING ROOM Approval for cutting go ahead Call out for cutting Cutter efficiency chart Daily cut plan Monthly cut plan Cutting file checklist Fabric relaxation Approval additional cutting Bundle control system Color code for different shrinkage Cutting RD Hourly report Fusing system CUTTING ROOM PROCEDURES IN ORIENT CRAFT LIMITED:- Pre -production meeting is organized to discuss all the aspects of a style. All the concerned persons, for example merchandiser, production manager, IED, cutting manager, pattern master etc is present in this meeting, to discuss the technicalities. In the cutting department there are three cutting teams. Master prepares a cut order plan and after job order is received from the production manager, master gets the fabric from the fabric stores and maker from the CAD department. Most common considerations during cut order planning No of sizes in order No of color in the order Maximum/minimum no of sizes allowed in marker Maximum spread length Maximum ply height Fabric cost per yard Cut table fabric width Width variation Fabric utilization report Fabric inspection report Lot card Shrinkage report Fabric having Lycra, spandex, wool blend are relaxed for 10 to 12 hours, prior to spreading. Quality assurance inspector conducts inspection after spreading and cutting. He checks the layer for following defects:- After spreading Marker placing Tension Miscut Notches Bowing Leaning Others After cutting Accuracy Matching the top, middle and bottom ply with pattern Notches/drill holes Fabric layering system:- Spreader in the cutting room receives layer spreading cutting job card from the master. This document has all the details for the spreading of each lay. From this document the spreading personnel can make sure that the following fabric details are correct before beginning to spread Fabric type Fabric name Fabric width Shrinkage Color Lot no Layer length No of pieces Total pieces Quality control of the spreading:- As soon as the spreading of a lay is finished the quality assurance inspector is asked to check it before cutting can commence. The quality control inspector in the cutting room will receive the spreading and cutting report from the cutting room manager. This document has all the relevant details for the inspector, to ensure that the spreading is right. The quality assurance inspector ensures the following:- Fabric Number of piles Lay length Ends Tension Remnant Splices Pattern Quality control of the marker:- The quality control inspector would check the following:- Correct marker Ratio Pattern Missing pieces on the marker is quite a common problem in cutting rooms especially if number of components in a garment is more. That is why the total no of the pattern pieces is checked. There must be no overlapping of the pattern pieces on the marker either. Once the fabric is cut there is no question of taking it back for a change or refund. All possible precautions must be taken in the cutting room to ensure that once the knife cuts into the fabric everything is correct. Quality control of cutting:- After the quality assurance inspector approves the spreading, the lay is ready for cutting. The cutter can also make sure that the following marker details are correct before starting to cut the fabric. Cut number Marker number Marker length Fabric spreading length The cutting personnel ensure that the markers have been placed in the correct direction on the fabric. Areas for checking are as follows: Ensure that all the edges of the marker have fabric underneath them-ends and sides. Ensures that the marker is laid square to the fabric and not-at an angle to the fabric. If this not controlled then it will create problems in the sewing section. Fusing system:- A properly trained supervisor is appointed to check temperature, pressure and timing cycle each morning, noon, mid afternoon and at critical fabric changes. Check for consistent temperature and across fusing head. The quality control department on daily basis reviews results. Quality assurance department evaluates fusible parts for defects such as color change, surface appearance and hand feel. Fuse line temperatures are established using temperature papers. Fuse line temperature is the temperature between the shell fabric and the fusible product at the time of fusing. Some times due to special finishes on the shell fabric, fusing machine is adjusted accordingly. Numbering system:- This is probably one of the most important control points in the manufacturing process. All the components are numbered including parts of the garments that have embroidery, fusing or washing and other value addition. If numbering is not done, then the problems of shaded garments, incorrect sized garments and garment pieces occur. These entire problem can be avoided using number system. The company is having separates numbering tables. Once cutting is carried out, the cut parts are put on the trolley and moved to the numbering table. Separate numbering tables are the best as they allow the cutting table to be cleared immediately after the cutting of the fabric has taken place. Stickers can be located on either the right or wrong side of the fabric depending on whether the garment will have interlining attached to it. It should be noted that if the stickers are attached to the right side of the fabric, then snickering not left on the fabric. GARMENT PROCESSING UNIT Aim: To work towards most moderate washes while striking a right balance of handwork and chemistry. Also to achieve/generate consistency of shades and quick production techniques keeping in view the requirement of our esteem clientele. Capabilities :- well starting with neat rinse washes, silicon sand wash, peach hand brushing on party wears, whickering coupled with Laser sand Blasting and tinting on Denims. Garment overdyes : -we have to our experience, Heavy canvas Garment overdyes added with stone enzyme wash to give it a weathered look; vintage Grannys garment looks are possible. We do garment over dyes on Linen, Denims, canvas, Twills and the list is being added upon every day at our RD section. Range of colors is available On demand, shade bands are well taken care of. For twills, we have facility to do BIOPOLISHING which added with sand wash, silicone wash, gives fabulous hand feel, and a strong crisp as and how desired. Laser :- The design made over the surface of fabric by laser engraving technology are being strongly pursued by various customer of OCL this fashion is yet to Explored by masses as it is a Rare Technology. Well seeing believes and only few of special clientele of orient craft saw this machine creating designs on various denims, canvas, jersey, and especially overdyes left speechless, yet smiling. STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR TRIMS Receive Indent from Merchandiser Ensure that work sheet describes the complete specifications of accessories. Decide the vendor to whom order is to be placed based upon rates. Prepare the purchase order Place the P.O. to the vendor and enter the details in purchase register RECEIPT Receive information of material arrival along with bill/challan Verify the description and quantity of bill with relevant P.O and P.O register Verify the quantity with bill Send one piece of the accessory on the approval card to the concerned merchandiser. However, approval is not required for production equipments and consumables Enter the details of consignment in store receipt Update stock register and style sheet in file ISSUE Receive requirement of material on requisition slip and verify authorized signatures Prepare challan for the items to be issued Issue the material and get acknowledgement on the challan Update stock register and style sheet in file Receive the material returned from production along with style number indicated on return challan Verify that the material is not damaged. If so, indicate on challan Update stock register STORAGE PRESERVATION Keep the rejected material in the area defined for it Keep the approved material at defined location Ensure that adequate preventive measures are taken to safe-guard the material against damage LITERATURE REVIEW MEANING AND NATURE OF JOB SATISFACTION The term ‘Job Satisfaction is of great relevance in the field of human resource management. So we can define Job Satisfaction a: â€Å"Job Satisfaction is a set of favorable or unfavorable feeling which employees view in their work. Job Satisfaction is the fulfillment and gratification that comes from work. It is not the money, the benefits or the vacations. It is the good feeling one receive from doing his work itself. Anyone who works in an organization develops a set of attitude about work which is usually referred under the term job satisfaction. Like other attitudes Job Satisfaction is composed of emotional informational and behavioral elements can vary in intensity and consistency can be acquired from a variety of sources. Virtually every job can provide a level of satisfaction. Job Satisfaction comes when one accept a job for what it is and exploits the sources of satisfaction that comes with it. Many different sources of satisfaction are tied to the same job. Good feeling can come from high performance, quality work, learning new skills, working as a part of a team, assisting coworkers, and receiving compliments. Job Satisfaction is achieved daily by digging out ‘satisfiers wherever they can be found. This is true even if an individual is marking time until he or she gets into a better carrier area. The trick is to enjoy your present job while you prepare for a better one. Many people gain considerable satisfaction from doing ordinary jobs. They make quality time out of their working hours no matter what their assignment may be. So, from the discussion we can say that job Satisfaction and different aspects of their job. It is the extent to which people like (satisfaction) or dislike (dissatisfaction) their jobs. As it is generally assessed, job satisfaction is an attitudinal variable. In the part, job Satisfaction was approached by some researcher from the perspective of need fulfillment- that is whether or not the job meets the employees physical and psychological needs for the things provided by works such as pay. LEVELS OF SATISFACTION Job Satisfaction varies. Researcher suggests, the higher the prestige of the job, the greater the job satisfaction. But, many workers are satisfied in even the least prestigious jobs. They simply like what they do. -Most workers like their work if they have little supervision. -The list satisfied workers are those in service occupations and managers that work for others.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   -Ethnic and religious orientation is associated to work attitudes and Job Satisfaction is related to education. EFFECTS OF JOB SATISFACTION ON ATTITUDES OF THE EMPLOYEES The term