Bernie Ebbers and Scott Sullivan

What power bases did Bernie Ebbers and Scott Sullivan rely on to get away with accounting fraud? The power bases are legitimate power, reward power, coercive power, expert power, referent power. Case Study Bernie Ebbers built WorldCom Inc into one of the largest telecommunication firms. Yet he and CFO Scott Sullivan have become better known for creating a massive corporate accouting fraud that led to the largest bankruptcy in US history. Two investigative reports and subsequent court cases concluded that WorldCom executoves were responsible for billions in fraudulent or unsupported accouting entries.How did this mammoth accouting scandal occur without anyone raising the alarm? Evidence suggests that Ebbers and Sullivan help considerable power and influence that prevented accouting staff from complaining, or even knowing, about the fraud. Ebber's inner circle held tight control over the flow of all financial information. The geographically dispersed accouting groups were discouraged f rom sharing information. Ebber's group also restricted distribution of company – level financial reports and prevented sensitive reports from being prepared at all.Accountants didn't even have access to the computer files in which some of the largest fraudulent entries were mde. As a result, employees had to rely on Ebber's executive team to justify the accounting entries that were requested. Another reason why employeees complied with questionable accoutong practices was that CFO Scott Sullivan wielded immense personal power. He was considered a "whiz kid" with impeccable integrity who had won the prestigious "CFO Excellence Award. quot; Thus, when Sullivan's office asked staff to make questionable entries, some accountants assumed Sullivan had found an innovative and legal accouunting loophole. If Sullivan's influence didn't work, other executives took a more coercive approach. Employees cited incidents where they were publicly berated for questioning headqua rters decisions and intimidated if they asked for more information. When one employer at a branch refused to alter an accouting entry , WorldCom's contoller threatened to fly in from WorldCom's Mississippi headquarters to make the change himself.The employ changed the entry. Ebber's has similar influence over WorldCom's board of directors. Sources indicate that his personal charisma and intolerance of dissention produced a passive board that rubber-stamped most of his recommendations. As one report concluded: ;The Board of Directord appears to have embraced suggestions by Mr. Ebbers without question or dissent, even under circumstances where its members now readily acknowledge they had significant misgivings regarding his recommendedd couse of action. ;

Explorers, Or Boys Messing About? Essay

In this article the writer, Steven Morris is very critical of the explorers behaviour. How does he make his opinions clear? In the article published by the Guardian and written by Steven Morris, we get an immediate critical vibe towards the explorers and the situation they were in. Morris has rather sarcastically spoken about the events in a clever way, in which he manages to slate the explorers subtly without being too blunt. We see in just the first paragraph the two explorers are seen as childish in the writer’s choice of view, by using the word ‘farce’. The use of this word creates the idea of ridiculous and so foolishly amusing behaviour, which seems uncaring in an article based on something rather serious. This has given us an automatic feel that Steven wants to portray them as immature and a joke. Throughout the article there are many other times the men are shown as juvenile by the writer. By choosing to use the quote from one of the explorer’s wives saying they were just ‘boys messing about with a helicopter’, they are once again shown as callow. As well as it referring to fully grown men as boys, ‘messing around’ with a thing as serious as a helicopter in extreme conditions, it also makes Morris look as though there are many people on his side. The fact that he has a second opinion that what they did was stupid makes himself look far more relia ble. Steven Morris also expresses his negative opinion of the explorers through the engaging way of irony and sarcasm. He uses phrases such as ‘their trusty helicopter’, putting invert commas around the word trusty himself. This makes the reader think that their helicopter was in fact the very opposite. Furthermore, he highlights their ironic failure in the fact that in one of their failed expeditions they wanted to demonstrate ‘how good the relations between the east and west had become.’ He puts this in to show another mission they had failed to complete when they were not allowed to cross the Russian borders. He too used a pun, by calling Mr Smith ‘Q’, a character from James Bond. This once again gives the idea that they were silly explorers living a fantasy world, like children pretending to be characters, in a humorous way again. In addition, Steven has also very cleverly used the use of experts in order to make his opinion clear and article more reliable. A successful explorer quote is included saying that surviving the accident was ‘nothing short of a miracle’. This shows just how drastic the situation was, from a reliable source. That statement in itself works well to juxtapose his opinion that even though the situation was so serious he was still amused and able to make the jokes. Further on in the article he uses a helicopter expert’s quote saying, ‘I wouldn’t use a helicopter like that’. This highlights their stupidity in his opinion, once again backed up by someone who knows exactly what they’re talking about. The last two paragraphs of the article are extremely important in him making his opinion clear as well as making people want to agree with him. By including what was said by The Ministry of Defence, ‘the taxpayer would pick up the bill’, the reader is automatically involved in the article on a personal level. By using this in the article he is getting everyday people to be on his side, and trying to make them see that they too are facing consequences from ‘ boys messing about’. This supports his opinion well in making it look as though he cares for the everyday people(taxpayers) and they are part of the reason he is against what the explorers did. The closing sentence saying ‘they’ll probably have their bottoms kicked and be sent home the long way’, is a good way to close his article, leaving it in the readers mind that these people were immature, shown by the fact that they have been implied to have a childish punishment, once again to show how the writer is highlighting them in an immature and foolish way, as it becomes evident he thinks that they are.

The Growth and Development of Civilization Essay

The Growth and Development of Civilization - Essay Example It must be noted that the significance of architecture, although perhaps disregarded by many analysts, is perhaps the most important single determinant of the representation of the 12th-century renaissance. This is due to the fact that architecture is one of the few aspects of human knowledge and representation that can instill and a level of awe in the subject and constrain/define behavior on the part of the societal stakeholder in a certain manner. Further, as a direct result of the increase in knowledge and the thirst for further understanding that could be gained with regards to the many subjects that came to be represented during the 12th century, the rise of the University was a further defining element through which this renaissance came to be reflected. Of all the information that is been put forward thus far, little emphasis has been placed with regards to the interpersonal levels of societal growth and evolution. Whereas architecture can instill a level of respect and pride in the society and the growth of science and technology that is able to represent such structures, these are ultimately impersonal aspects. By much the same token, the University experience and the acquisition of knowledge is something that, although it directly benefits society and the individual, is not necessarily engaged with interpersonal interaction nor promote a broader societal consciousness. However, as is definitively represented within the legends of King Arthur, an emphasis upon the codes of chivalry, romance, and courtly love is a prime element for the manner in which these stories are told and understood by the reader (Rydstrà ¸m-Poulsen 799). The ultimate significance of the institution of chivalry and the process of courtly love was not only as a means of providing a formalized structure through which interpersonal relations could take place.

National Gallery of Art Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

National Gallery of Art - Research Paper Example Also, I like his idea about the â€Å"15 minutes of fame†. His exhibit is located at the East Upper Level of the National Gallery of Art in DC that will run from September 25, 2011 to January 2, 2012 (National Gallery of Museum and Art, 2011). Andy Warhol’s Headlines: To Whom Does the News Belong features a timely articulation of the artistic perspective of the news industry in America. The news, which is typically a dry reporting of events and people take a new life of its own when Andy Warhol interprets it. In his interpretation about news, Warhol provides the uncanny definition that if somebody is in the news, then the news company should be paying the subject because they are selling the news of a person. The news company will however say that they should not because they are helping the subject of the news. News should be broadcasted and should be owned by everybody because if news does not have any news, then news is not a news. This is an uncanny play of words by Andy Warhol about the news I believe is the gist of the exhibit. In the exhibit, I took special notice about the Andy Warhol’s gift to Sean Penn when she married him in 1985. I am a big Madonna fan so I took a particular notice about the silkscreen gift of Andy Warhol to Madonna where it depicted Madonna’s reaction to show business magazines when they ran an unauthorized nude picture of her. The present had a fictional New York Post headline that reads â€Å"Madonna: I’m Not Ashamed† with hundreds of Keith Haring signature action figures. What used to be a scandalous news suddenly became a piece of art when Andy Warhol touched it. This is a typical example of Andy Warhol’s artistic ingenuity that transcends to everyday mundane subject such as news. What seems to be ordinary became an object of art when it is presented at a different perspective and overlaid with artistic impressions. This makes a typical uninterested party like me to

Business Law Assignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business Law Assignment - Coursework Example The paper tells that in the Constitution of the United States, Article 1, Section 2 refers to the qualifications that must be met to serve as a member of the House of Representatives. It states that â€Å"No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen†. Article 1, Section 3 of the Constitution delineates the requirements to become a Senator, by stating that â€Å"No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen†. The qualifications to serve as President of the United States are found in Article 2, Section one. The document states that â€Å"no Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United Statesâ€Å". The Age requirement for the House of Representatives is five years less than the requirements for senate and ten years less than for president. The age and citizenship requirements for Senate exceed those of the House by five and three years respectively. They are less than those for President by five years for both categories. The qualifications to serve as President are the highest exceeding the age requirement for the House by ten years and the Senate by five years, and the citizenship requirement for the House by seven years and for Senate by five years. All three of the offices require that the Person be a natural born Citizen of the United States. Question 2: Stanglin argues that the ordin ance violates the equal protection, because there is no rational basis to suppose that children are at a greater danger being near a class E dance hall than a skating rink. I disagree with this statement. The Equal Protection clause states that "no state shall ... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws† (US Const., amend. XIV). This statement taken on its own can be taken either extremely strictly or be loosely interpreted, but there is a rather extensive history of supreme court cases that has led up to the current guidelines on interpreting this clause. Some of the most famous of these cases had to do with equality between races, women’s suffrage and the rights of immigrants. Currently the equal protection clause is interpreting as protecting state governments from discriminating against these types of rights--fundamental or inalienable rights. For cases like Stanglin’s, where no fundamental rights are involved, the state ne ed only to show there is some type of rational basis for whatever distinction they make through the law. Since the state passed the ordinance in the interest of protecting the youth from drugs and dangerous sex, it was not passed arbitrarily and thus not irrational. Personally, it seems to me that Stanglin filed this suit simply out of personal interest, because he would lose money for his business. I don’t think the equal protection should ever work in this way. The clause is not to be used for protecting the profit seeking interests of business from regulations imposed by local governments. It is to protect people from arbitrary and unjust discrimination of the law. Question 3: The primary element in this case, is the fact that Hernandez relied upon a promise that a business made to him, which they failed to keep causing him to suffer monetary loss. Thus I am certain Hernandez should win this case given that the circumstances meet the criteria for promissory estoppel. The t ext defines a promise in a promissory estopp

Three Levels of Local Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Three Levels of Local Culture - Essay Example When you study the artifacts level you find that in Bastrop volunteers usually interpret the parish history using local artifacts. The level of architecture of buildings is high. There are several building permits given in a year. In the job industry people use formal language. Newspaper and radio cover the news. Values and beliefs are explained in the sense that when IPC mill was closed the mayor predicted that a lot of people will be affected. This could be termed as his own view. In Bastrop there are various attraction sites which include Cairo museum, Tensas river national wildlife and others. The rate of crime is 75.79% than the national average. The government promises a great work force in order to make small businesses grow (Bastrop, 2015). Bastrop has hardworking people though the poverty line is high. For example multinational organizations operating beyond their own national culture, will still have influence of the deepest culture level. Underlying values reflect the way individuals evaluate the self and world. The decision to build a wood pellet in Bastrop will be observed to see if it will be successful or not hence forgotten. Culture exists as: the front line followed by middle management and lastly is corporate level (Nurdin,

Huckleberry Finn Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Huckleberry Finn - Essay Example Being the protagonist, he has shown an incredibly unbelievable wit and courage for his age, giving away his treasure to the lawyer only to protect it from his squandering father. He was quite creative to have made up a solution for his problems regarding his father and other problems he faced along the way. His courage would be much admired, braving the difficulties of living on his own and trying to survive a cruel world. As the hero of the story, Huck was not just presented with difficulties he had to overcome by his father or other people around him but by the works of nature as well like death and fear, making him have the feelings of the audience toward him. In addition to this role, Huck is also the focal character who stirs up the curiosity in the reader to the next event of his life, holding their attention to the end of the story. His being the focal character also raises excitement in the audience as well as his emotions but not necessarily to empathize with the character. As the protagonist, the character of Huck was the most essential in the story because the narration is molded around his character and the events in his life.

Wall Street Journal Section Review Research Paper

Wall Street Journal Section Review - Research Paper Example A subheading on Columns present news articles written by WSJ columnists such as Brett Arends, Karen Blumenthal, Kelly Greene, Laura Saunders, and Jason Zweig, to name just a few. Other relevant and captivating sections appear as subtopics ranging from Real Estate, Autos, Fitness & Health, and Careers. Finally, at the bottom portion are Offers that promote products and services at discounts and good bargains for interested customers. There is a portion for sponsored links and all the comprehensive information on WSJ in a separate highlighted portion to include data such as WSJ.com Account, About, WSJ.com, Tools & Formats, Create an Account, and Help & Information Center. The right side column gives additional details regarding WSJ Digital Network with Foreign Language Editions. Appendix A: Specific Observations Personal Finance Observation 1: Ensign, Rachel Louise. 15 May 2011. â€Å"Maybe We'll Charge an Extra Fee to Read This.† Wall Street Journal, Top Stories in Personal Fin ance: Money.

Data Mining - Questions to answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Data Mining - Questions to answer - Essay Example Back-Propagated Delta Rule Networks (BP) is an example for multiple perceptron which contains additional hidden layers. It can function effectively compared to the single layer. In the prediction process of neural networks to make accurate prediction the training cases are increased which eventually leads to overfitting (George N. Karystinos, 2000). This occurs when the number of input variables is large compared to the training cases or when the input layers are highly correlated with each other. In methods like kernel regression and smoothing splines, the under fitting and overfitting of neural networks is usually encountered. The overfitting occurs in more complex networks. This leads to unprecedented predictions or wild predictions. Data cleansing is the process of removing inaccurate and inappropriate data records, which is an integral process of data processing and maintenance. In large data sets, the process of finding error and correcting the same needs interaction with the domain experts which is an expensive and time consuming process. Since it involves a comprehensive assignment of identifying and rectifying errors and hence the task is complex. Initially these operations are carried out manually and later computational means of data cleansing evolved and even this process are time consuming and error prone (Heiko Mller et al ). 3. What is the significance of Bayes Theorem in Data Mining Give an example of how statistical inference can be used for Data Mining. Most of the presently available statistical models in data mining are prone to overfitting and also unstable (sensitive to minor changes in the data). These difficulties can be overcome in the Bayesian methods of statistical mining. The reliability of these algorithms has been reviewed (J. Kolter and M. Maloof, 2003). The Bayesian algorithm facilitates integration of clustering and produces scalable powerful algorithm apt for data mining. Capturing correlation of large number of variables is possible using the Bayesian method. Example: In the search process of similar sequences (gene or protein sequences) in a sequence database, the data mining algorithm works by searching for similar matches which is based on the statistical preferences (e- value). Lower the expected value higher the relationship between the query and the retrieved results. Since the data involved is a mere combination of string only statistical measures ensures comparative account of the data sets. 4. Explain the concept of a Maximum Likelihood Estimator with an example. This is practically applied in prediction of phylogenetic relationships of protein sequences by tree algorithms. The maximum likelihood estimator forms the basis for the evolutionary prediction algorithms. The likelihood function predicts the relative function of all the given datasets (protein sequences). The algorithm eventually finds the most likely relative to the other sequences in the datasets by maximum likelihood estimator and hence it is easy to predict the ancestral route as well as how

The country of Armagede Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The country of Armagede - Essay Example A wild animal refuge spans an area of some 1500 miles to the south. This refuge is heavily guarded against poachers and contributes more than three million dollars a year in tourism dollars that offset the cost of the reserve and contribute to the hospitality and cultural art industries in the country. The country supports a population of 4,763,271 Armagede nationals with about population of 3,445,192 who are largely subsistent farmers with a per capita income of about population of $223. The largest concentration of citizens is in the two largest cities in the north and south where residents are employed in government jobs. There is a population of approximately 544 people per square mile. In the past decade the country has begun to maintain vital statistic and economic records that help show a continuing improvement in the country’s economic indicators. The per capita income has increased by nearly 5% per household over the past decade, as represented by the graph below. The re is one university, Aduine University, in the north, a state sponsored university staffed largely by well educated professors from countries that offer incentives for foreign academic services. Most of the graduates go on to work for the government and in state sponsored elementary, middle schools and high schools. A large number of graduates leave the country for graduate studies in medicine and law, but statistics support the fact that these individuals return to Armagede upon completion of their studies.

Science Trivias Essay Example for Free

Science Trivias Essay There are 62,000 miles of blood vessels in the human body – laid end to end they would circle the earth 2.5 times A thimbleful of a neutron star would weigh over 100 million tons A typical hurricane produces the energy equivalent of 8,000 one megaton bombs Blood sucking hookworms inhabit 700 million people worldwide The interstellar gas cloud Sagittarius B contains a billion, billion, billion liters of alcohol Polar Bears can run at 25 miles an hour and jump over 6 feet in the air And they are nearly undetectable by infrared cameras, due to their transparent fur The selfish giant The giant had a beautiful garden. It had lovely green grass, peach trees and rich fruits. Birds sang there and children played. The giant was away staying at his friends place. When he came back he scared the children away from the garden. Now the children had no place to play and were sad. That year spring came all over the country but not in the giant’s garden. It remained covered with snow frost and hail. No flowers bloomed neither did the birds sing. One morning he found flowers in the garden, the birds singing and found children on the branches of the trees. But there was still winter in one corner of the garden. There was a little boy in that corner who could not climb the trees. The giant came out and helped him to climb the tree. He also played with the children. The little child kissed the giant. This melted the giant’s heart. The children played everyday in the garden after school. One afternoon the little child was missing. The giant looked for him daily but couldn’t find him. Years passed. The giant grew old and weak. One winter morning that very child was again seen in the garden. The giant ran to him and found that the child had prints of nails on his palms and feet. The child said that they were the wounds of love. He said he wanted to take him to his garden, which is the Paradise. That afternoon the children found the giant lying dead and covered with flowers in the garden. film review: the sound of music: This classic musical continues to have wide appeal despite, or perhaps even because of, its cringe factor. Like that other widely-popular sing-a-long extravaganza, The Rocky Horror Picture Show, The Sound Of Music draws loyal and enthusiastic audiences as well as newcomers who wonder what all the fuss is about. The mostly-happy Cinderella tale of nun-turned-governess-turned-wife, however, aims straight for the family market. Maria (a smiley Julie Andrews) does her best as governess to the seven wealthy but unruly von Trapp children. It wont spoil the movie to reveal that she wins over not only the children, but their stern naval-officer father (Christopher Plummer in fine form) with her musical talents and upbeat view on life. For those of us who grew up watching it every year on TV at Christmas, the nostalgia it evokes contributes to a strange bond with people from around the world, so that someone from Canada might find themselves laughing, and yes, even cringing, with a South African who knows all the songs from the film. There is more than nostalgia and family values, however, to this movie. The true story of the von Trapps takes place during the Nazi occupation of Austria, following which the family is forced to make a daring escape through the Alps. Mostly, however, this is a tale about looking on the sunny side of life, accompanied by such classic songs as My Favourite Things and Do-Re-Mi. Anyone who appreciates the power of music cant deny the strange uplifting charm of this admittedly sappy movie.

Qwertyui Essay Example for Free

Qwertyui Essay PROPERTIES OF LASER First, lets discuss the properties of laser light and then we will go into how is is created. Laser light is monochromatic, directional, and coherent. Monochromatic The light emitted from a laser is monochromatic, that is, it is of one wavelength (color). In contrast, ordinary white light is a combination of many different wavelengths (colors). Directional Lasers emit light that is highly directional. Laser light is emitted as a relatively narrow beam in a specific direction. Ordinary light, such as coming from the sun, a light bulb, or a candle, is emitted in many directions away from the source. Coherent The light from a laser is said to be coherent, which means the wavelengths of the laser light are in phase in space and time. These three properties of laser light are what make it more of a hazard than ordinary light. Laser light can deposit a great deal of energy within a very small area as James Bond nearly found out in Goldfinger! BENEFITS OF LASER Nuclear fusion Some of the worlds most powerful and complex arrangements of multiple lasers and optical amplifiers are used to produce extremely high intensity pulses of light of extremely short duration. These pulses are arranged such that they impact pellets of tritium-deuterium simultaneously from all directions, hoping that the squeezing effect of the impacts will induce atomic fusion in the pellets. This technique, known as inertial confinement fusion, so far has not been able to achieve breakeven, that is, so far the fusion reaction generates less power than is used to power the lasers, but research continues. Microscopy Confocal laser scanning microscopy and Two-photon excitation microscopy make use of lasers to obtain blur-free images of thick specimens at various depths. Laser capture microdissection use lasers to procure specific cell populations from a tissue section under microscopic visualization. Additional laser microscopy techniques include harmonic microscopy, four-wave mixing microscopy and interferometric microscopy. Military Military uses of lasers include applications such as target designation and ranging, defensive countermeasures, communications and directed energy weapons. Directly as an energy weapon Directed energy weapons are being developed, such as Boeing’s Airborne Laser which was constructed inside a Boeing 747. Designated the YAL-1, it is intended to kill short- and intermediate-range ballistic missiles in their boost phase. Defensive countermeasures Defensive countermeasure applications can range from compact, low power infrared countermeasures to high power, airborne laser systems. IR countermeasure systems use lasers to confuse the seeker heads on heat-seeking anti-aircraft missiles. High power boost-phase intercept laser systems use a complex system of lasers to find, track and destroy intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM). In this type of system a chemical laser, one in which the laser operation is powered by an energetic chemical reaction, is used as the main weapon beam (see Airborne Laser). The Mobile Tactical High-Energy Laser (MTHEL) is another defensive laser system under development; this is envisioned as a field-deployable weapon system able to track incoming artilleryprojectiles and cruise missiles by radar and destroy them with a powerful deuterium fluoride laser. Another example of direct use of a laser as a defensive weapon was researched for the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI, nicknamed Star Wars), and i ts successor programs. This project would use ground-based or  space-based laser systems to destroy incoming intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). The practical problems of using and aiming these systems were many; particularly the problem of destroying ICBMs at the most opportune moment, the boost phase just after launch. This would involve directing a laser through a large distance in the atmosphere, which, due to optical scattering and refraction, would bend and distort the laser beam, complicating the aiming of the laser and reducing its efficiency. Another idea from the SDI project was the nuclear-pumped X-ray laser. This was essentially an orbiting atomic bomb, surrounded by laser media in the form of glass rods; when the bomb exploded, the rods would be bombarded with highly-energetic gamma-ray photons, causing spontaneous and stimulated emission of X-ray photons in the atoms making up the rods. This would lead to optical amplification of the X-ray photons, producing an X-ray laser beam tha t would be minimally affected by atmospheric distortion and capable of destroying ICBMs in flight. The X-ray laser would be a strictly one-shot device, destroying itself on activation. Some initial tests of this concept were performed with underground nuclear testing; however, the results were not encouraging. Research into this approach to missile defense was discontinued after the SDI program was cancelled. Disorientation Some weapons simply use a laser to disorient a person. One such weapon is the Thales Green Laser Optical Warner. Medical * Cosmetic surgery (removing tattoos, scars, stretch marks, sunspots, wrinkles, birthmarks, and hairs): see laser hair removal. Laser types used indermatology include ruby (694 nm), alexandrite (755 nm), pulsed diode array (810 nm), Nd:YAG (1064 nm), Ho:YAG (2090 nm), and Er:YAG (2940 nm). * Eye surgery and refractive surgery * Soft tissue surgery: CO2, Er:YAG laser * Laser scalpel (General surgery, gynecological, urology, laparoscopic) * Photobiomodulation (i.e. laser therapy) * No-Touch removal of tumors, especially of the brain and spinal cord. * In dentistry for caries removal, endodontic/periodontic procedures, tooth whitening, and oral surgery

Literature Review on Attitudes to Mental Health

Literature Review on Attitudes to Mental Health Researching the literature on attitudes to mental health revealed interesting themes. Many papers focused on the historical views towards mental health or explained how stigma arises and affects those suffering from mental illness. Differences in attitudes towards those suffering from mental health issues were the focus among many more of these papers; including age, country, and religious differences. Finally, research has been carried out to assess the efforts of interventions that could be or have been made to reduce the stigma mental illness sufferers receive. Historically, attitudes to mental illness were overwhelmingly poor. It was believed that mental illness was caused by evil spirits or an imbalance of humours in the body; these views lead to highly stigmatic beliefs, (Hinshaw Stier, 2008). The process of stigmatic belief development involves identifying an individual with a mental disorder through cues, applying stereotypes based on those cues, and then acting in a prejudiced way, (Bulanda, Bruhn, Byro-Johnson, Zentmyer, 2014). (Fein Spencer, 1997) offer an explanation as to why this development occurs. From a social psychological standpoint, outgroup discrimination arises when an individual of one group (ingroup) distinguishes a member of another group (outgroup) as different from themselves. Thus a sufferer of mental illness may be viewed as ‘different’ and so belonging to an ‘outgroup’, encouraging prejudice. Additionally, discrimination towards an outgroup member has the potential for self-esteem enha ncement of the observer, as they discern the stigmatised outgroup member (i.e. an individual with a mental health issue) as relatively lower in social status than themselves. (Hinshaw Stier, 2008) also propose the evolutionary perspective, as it is suggested that isolating sufferers of a mental illness may give a survival advantage, as those with mental disorders may pose a threat to others. In an effort to combat stigma, it had been proposed that the public should be educated on mental health matters. (Weiner, Perry, Magnusson, 1988) explain ‘Attribution theory’, whereby when negative behaviours are attributed to an individual, blame and stigma follow, but when these behaviours are attributed to a non-controllable force (such as a medical condition) it results in less blame and more acceptance and empathy. However, this theory may be criticised for lack of application. Viewing issues this way doesn’t stop racism, as skin colour is a non-controllable factor yet still is criticised; it doesn’t reduce fear people may have surrounding mental disorders; it does not rule out incorrect accusations of causation such as demon possession or weak personality (uncontrollable factors); and it doesn’t stop people viewing those with mental disorders as inferior. (Brockington, Hall, Levings, Murphy, 1993) highlight how viewing a mental illness as a à ¢â‚¬Ëœbrain disorder’ indirectly fosters a â€Å"Benevolence Stigma†, in which individuals believe those with mental illnesses may never recover and will lead unproductive lives as a result, or views them patronisingly as innocent children that must be constantly looked after by a parental figure. This distinguishes those with mental illness as different, or ‘less human’ often provoking harsher prejudicial behaviour though reducing blame, (Mehta Farina, 1997), and can exacerbate fear, (Read Law, 1999). Even those associated with an individual with a mental disorder such as friends and family can experience rejection or distancing by a ‘Courtesy Stigma’, as well as mental health professionals due to their connection to â€Å"weak† or â€Å"blameworthy† patients, leading to a lack of funding and thus a lower wage, (Goffman, 2009). The media depict mental illnesses negatively approximately 77% of the time over emphasising and over representing a minority of mental illness cases, promoting harmful stereotypes such as dangerousness and violence. It could be due to this over representation of rare cases of mental disorders that people generally delay professional help as they do not recognise that they may have a mental illness; they may normalise it by attribution to everyday stresses and believe they should deal with it on their own, as modern society has a higher tolerance of stress, (Jorm, 2012). This could explain the underutilisation of mental health services. Alternatively, stigma could be the reason for this lack of use, as the quantity of prescriptions for antidepressant medication have risen since the 1980’s, (Mackenzie, Erickson, Deane, Wright, 2014) despite attitudes towards help-seeking have become increasingly negative. Self-enrolment in psychotherapy for depression has decreased by 28% in th e last 20 years, potentially because most adults do not believe it is an effective treatment, (Jorm Wright, 2007; Mackenzie et al., 2014). Due to public education enforcing that mental illness is biological, the desire for medicinal treatments has increased. It could be argued that because dependence on drugs is viewed negatively it contributes to the sigma surrounding mental health, as 1 in 4 Americans believe psychiatric mediations are harmful, (Jorm Wright, 2007; Mackenzie et al., 2014). Stigma harshly affects those suffering from mental illness, causing lowered self–esteem and reduced chances for social interaction, due to isolation, distancing and exclusion, (Bulanda et al., 2014). Sufferers of mental health issues may also experience fewer job opportunities, (Hansson, Jormfeldt, Svedberg, Svensson, 2013), as evidenced by low levels of employment among those with mental illness; decreased life opportunities; loss of independence; and insurance disparities among those with mental illness and those with physical illness, leaving many unable to afford treatment, (Hinshaw Stier, 2008). It has been noted that reduction in self-worth among those experiencing stigma is not inevitable, as many racial minorities continue to have positive self-esteems despite the racism they face, but it should be remembered that the symptoms of many mental health issues such as depression or eating disorders include pessimism, despair and low self-worth, resulting in the internalis ation of the prejudicial messages they receive. Furthermore, mental illness sufferers may worry about monitoring their symptoms so as not to reveal they have a mental disorder due to the pressure in society to conform, causing more distress, (Hinshaw Stier, 2008). Cultural background has an effect on attitudes to mental health issues. Research in Japan revealed that mental illness is viewed as a weakness rather than a sickness, particularly for the mental disorder social phobia, while depression and schizophrenia were viewed as dangerous disorders (Ando, Yamaguchi, Aoki, Thornicroft, 2013; Yoshioka, Reavley, MacKinnon, Jorm, 2014). This data was compared against Australian attitudes, and while these opinions were present, were less prevalent. This could be because Australians are more exposed to mental illness as there is a high institutionalisation rate in Japan for those with mental disorders, reducing the chance for social interaction, (Ando et al., 2013), or rather that Japanese respondents were less likely to answer in a socially desirable way, (Yoshioka et al., 2014). In low income countries such as Senegal, the health system is more directed towards communicable diseases and so mental health is a low priority, (Monteiro, Ndiaye, Blana s, Ba, 2014). Due to this, most Senegalese health care providers have no training on mental health issues, resulting in stigmatic beliefs among these health workers, such as describing those suffering from mental illness as â€Å"crazy†, or as having been influenced by sorcery, (Monteiro et al., 2014). Research carried out by (Coppens et al., 2013) in Europe, discovered schizophrenia to be the most negatively viewed mental disorder. Hungarian respondents were least willing to seek help for mental health issues and were least favourable towards depression, with 60% claiming you could â€Å"snap out of it†, and 76% viewing it as a weakness, as German respondents reported they would avoid people with depression so they do not become depressed themselves, and would not vote for a politican who suffers from depression. In contrast, Irish respondents were the most favourable towards depression and 19% viewed mental health services and professional help as valuable, as the P ortuguese were the most willing to seek help. All four countries reported that if they had a mental disorder they would keep it a secret, and reported the perceived stigma of others as higher than their own personal stigma, with Germany reporting the highest perceived stigma. (Crisp, Gelder, Rix, Meltzer, Rowlands, 2000)’s research in Great Britain showed prevalent negative opinions also, including an over generalisation of stereotypes, such as thinking those with depression are ‘dangerous’; potentially indicative of lack of knowledge of the disorder, and trivialising conditions such as eating disorders which were viewed as â€Å"self-inflicted† and could be quickly recovered from. Age also plays a role in the changes of attitudes towards mental illness. Discrimination is highest among the youth which can be a barrier to seeking treatment because of embarrassment, despite the high prevalence of mental disorders in adolescents due to the onset of these illnesses during puberty, (Yoshioka et al., 2014). Stigmatic beliefs have been shown to decrease with age, including views of mental illnesses being weaknesses not sicknesses, however in Japan stigma increases with age, (Ando et al., 2013; Jorm Wright, 2008; Tanaka, Inadomi, Kikuchi, Ohta, 2004). Older men are among those at the highest risk of not getting treatment as they are most negative towards help seeking, (Coppens et al., 2013). Religion also can dramatically change attitudes to mental health issues. Many health care professionals undervalue the importance of religion, although people are more likely to seek help for mental distress from their religious leaders than any health care professional, (Bergin, 1983; Chalfant et al., 1990). However, when professionals do see significance in religion, it is viewed negatively. This could be due to the knowledge of negative encounters experienced by those who sought aid from religious leaders. (Stanford, 2007) studied American Christians and discovered that 30% of adults seeking help from their church for mental health issues experienced negative relations, as often the clergy viewed mental illness as the work of demons, sin or lack of faith, and would exclude members with mental disorders from the church. Women in particular are more likely to have their mental disorders dismissed and told not to take prescription medication (Mansfield, Mitchell, King, 2002; Stanfor d, 2007). (Cinnirella Loewenthal, 1999) carried out research among other religions in Britain, including Pakistani Muslim, Indian Hindu, Orthodox Jew and Afro Caribbean Christian. All respondents from these religious groups testified to a fear of being misunderstood by outgroup health professionals or potential racism. Among all religious groups, depression is seen as impossible in the truly religious individual, and a devout person should not consult professionals without prior confirmation from their religious leaders as it may lead to immoral practices. However, it should be noted that stigmatic beliefs though prevalent among the extrinsically motivated religious individuals, are not found among the intrinsically motivated, (Allport Ross, 1967). Multiple studies have demonstrated efforts to reduce stigma. (Ando et al., 2013) highlights how contact with those who suffer from mental disorders can reduce stigma, however only in adults, as when adolescents meet an individual with mental illness who presents typical behaviour it can reinforce negative stereotypes. The World Psychiatric Association ran a global program for the last 10 years with over 200 interventions in 20 countries to battle the stigma surrounding schizophrenia, (Sartorius Schulze, 2005; Stuart, 2008), however only 19 intervention results have been published. In order for an effective change in attitudes to mental health, a real commitment must be made to follow through with results in the long term. A single mental illness was chosen to combat stigma in order to have a clear focus, however all sufferers of all mental disorders live with negative attitudes and thus it should be a goal to reduce stigma for all mental health issues. (Jorm Wright, 2008)’s campaign to raise awareness in Australian youths and their parents proved to be effective in reducing the belief that a person with mental illness is weak not sick. They advise that in order to influence a change in attitudes of young people, parents should be a potential target to educate. A social media intervention in Canada 2012 carried out by (Livingston, Cianfrone, Korf-Uzan, Coniglio, 2014) proved to be effective in raising awareness of mental health issues, but it did not improve attitudes, and appeared to have no lasting effect. These researchers highlighted that of 22 interventions they researched, the longest follow up period was 9 months, and so they sought to ensure a long term effect of reduction in stigma by repeating this study with a follow up period of 1 year. Stigma did reduce, as exposure and awareness increased. An extensive review of all the research on intervention is needed in order to assess which are successful mechanisms of change and can affect long term attitudes, (Heijnders Van Der Meij, 2006). As previously mentioned, biological facts alone can encourage stigma, and so (Morrison, 1980) encourages the psychosocial explanation which focuses on environmental stresses and trauma, which can make mental illness more relatable as everyone can understand these life events, (Read Law, 1999). Thus a multidimensional approach appears to be most effective. In conclusion, attitudes to mental health persist to be negative across many cultures, religions and age brackets. Focusing on specific countries, cultural backgrounds, or religions, and tailoring interventions could prove to be useful in reducing stigmatic beliefs. Furthermore, it is clear more support is needed for those with mental health issues, and so future research could focus on the effectiveness of fundraising activities to support mental health research and mental health workers, as well as the willingness for those suffering from mental illness to receive support and help in light of the stigma they encounter. It would be interesting to discover if a reduction in stigma would encourage those facing mental health issues to seek help when they otherwise would not.

Theme of Fallen Angels Essay -- essays research papers

Losing Innocence: â€Å"Fallen Angels† find the true meaning of war   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fallen Angels†, written by Walter Dean Myers, is a novel that tells about the story of young boys going into battle during the Vietnam War. There are many themes in â€Å"Fallen Angels† but the main theme is the loss of innocence. The title makes reference to these themes. And the boys in the book have dreams of losing their virginity and drinking alcohol for the first time. They are thrown into a harsh reality when they are shown the trials of war. In the end, they understand that the movies that depict heroicness and honor are just images of a false idea; that war is full of chaos and horror.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The title of â€Å"Fallen Angels† is the greatest indicator of the theme. All of...

Censorship :: essays research papers

Censorship My life has been nothing but censorship since the time I was born. When I was very young and lived in Chicago there were all sorts of interesting things around to play with. My parents physically censored me by putting me in "baby prison." They felt that certain things needed to be censored from me because of their potential danger. So I was kept out of harms way in the playpen or crib. As I grew older and was no longer watched by my parents 24 hours a day, I realized that I was censored by others. In school, it was constantly no to this and no to that. All that negativity is not good for children, all day long. It was always interesting to me as to why we recited the pledge of allegiance in school, what if you are not American? I also was not allowed to watch the news. My parents felt it was "real violence", and not appropriate for me, that was parental censorship. When I was old enough to go out with my friends I became confused when my parents said I could see an "PG-13" rated movie but the theater wouldn't let me in. When I argued that "my parents said I could go see it!!", the theater management always said things like I need to be 13 or must be accompanied by a parent and so on. I then proposed this question, my parents said I could see it, now why can't I see it? The answer to that question is the government doesn't think I am old enough. My mom said live with it, there is nothing you can do. I think that made me more inquisitive. That was just the beginning, I was too young to go on certain rides and too young to go into stores like Sharper Image and I was too young to purchase the music that I really enjoyed. When I was able to get my hands on a Compact Disc I had wanted, it sometimes had a "Explicit Lyrics" warning sticker on it. I would go home, listen and enjoy only to get lectured by my parents. They said things such as; you can't have anything that contains profanity, or any type of objectionable material. "Then again I am only going to encounter it in the real world!!!", I would reply. Obviously there are many different views to take on this issue, and I knew there was a long and difficult battle ahead of me until I was 18. I contend that censoring music is a necessary evil but, it should be

TH :: essays research papers

Needs completing The Tommy Hilfiger Corporation, through its subsidiaries, designs, sources and markets men's and women's, and children’s clothing under the Tommy Hilfiger trademarks. The Tommy Hilfiger Corporations major product is clothing which is broken into two major product categories men’s and women’s clothing. Tommy Hilfiger has an aggressive market development strategy with diversifying and pursuing markets that are already carried by the company. The company has taken their success in the U.S and found comparable markets overseas with a great deal of success. The company is strongest in the US because of sheer volumes. They are the fastest growing in Europe. They are also the No 1 designer brand in Central America, South America and Canada. The company holds steady in the top ten in Japan with lots of competition. The business is also strong in South-East Asian markets like Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea, and Singapore. Tommy Hilfiger is currently setting up all over China and considers India its new horizon. The company’s market development is strong and growing with each quarterly report. They offer new products to existing target markets worldwide and are also exploring the involvement in products without the Tommy Hilfiger namesake. Through a range of strategic licensing agreements, the Company offers a broad array of related apparel, accessories, footwear, fragrance and home furnishings. The Company's products can be found in leading department and specialty stores throughout the United States, Canada, Europe, Mexico, Central and South America, Japan, Hong Kong and other countries in the Far East, as well as the Company's own network of specialty and outlet stores in the United States, Canada and Europe. www.tommyhilfiger.com   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tommy Hilfiger has a competitive advantage compared to its competitors. There product mix is what gives them the advantage on competitors like Sean John, Phat Pharm, Ecko and Enyce. With other competitors like Nautica and Polo, they compete on similar grounds, but lead them with the shear diversity of their product mix. Both Polo and Ralph Lauren are legendary brands, but Tommy Hilfiger has done and outstanding job with micromarketing and appealing to the core of fashion buyers. Tommy Hilfiger leaves his urban competition behind with his strong International markets and the ability to open new markets where fashion has not been a top sale. Within the volatile industry of fashion, Tommy Hilfiger is seen as a much more stable brand. Their product appeals to a larger segment of the U.

Managing Individual Performance

It’s crucial for the manager to make right decisions about the members of his team. The organization can be very successful only in the case of well-balanced personnel, and it’s the manager’s responsibility to employ the right people for the positions. Even when all the technical resources in the company are at the highest level, the skills of employees appear to be the most important key to the organization’s success. It’s a well-known fact that â€Å"†¦everyone wants to feel that they are on a winning team, that the company is moving ahead, and that they are an integral part of the group.† (3)Therefore, it’s necessary for the manager to take employment of personnel very seriously. First of all, the manager needs to make sure he knows all the major objectives which the company sets in front of itself. Without the deep understanding of the organization’s goals, it’s impossible to employ people to achieve those goals. As soon as the goals are determined, it’s necessary for the manager to do his best to find people whose education, general background, and personality will fit the best into the positions available. There is no general criterion for choosing the members of the team because the decision of the manager depends on the goals which he sets for his team.The manager has to analyze the profiles of the potential employees very carefully in order to get a full idea about them. The major criterion is ensuring that every employee in the team will have a position which answers both his expectations and expectations of the company. The goals of the organization will be achieved only in the case when the manager makes right decisions about the choice of employees and the responsibilities which each of them can fulfill the best. However, the task gets more complicated because â€Å"building the winning team requires more than just hiring a bunch of talented people.It means hiring people wh o will work well together. It means developing a shared vision and commitment. It means physically bringing people together in formal group meetings for open discussion of broad-based issues. It means encouraging positive, informal interactions between group members. It means instilling a â€Å"winning† attitude throughout the organization. It means watching for and quickly trying to reverse team-building problems such as jealousy, cynicism, and defensive behavior.† (3)In the simulation I chose the following employees into the team: Tony Wu for the position of building case files; Lisa Stafford to moderate self-help groups, Nicola Minelli for performing follow-ups, and finally Daniel Nichols to supervise confrontation sessions. Out of all the employees whom I selected Daniel Nichols has the most experience, he also has an MBA which puts him one step ahead of everybody else who only have bachelor’s degrees.That is why he gets a very complicated task of supervising confrontation sessions. In order to keep Daniel Nichols motivated, he needs to have an important position, so I chose one for him with the most responsibility. Tony Wu is a good professional, and he cannot fulfill the functions on a very important position just yet because he has never worked as a manager. He is not very ambitious as the profile shows, so he is much better on the position when he has to exercise duties like building case files. Tony Wu has a very important feature of character- accuracy, and this feature is very useful in the position which I have offered to him. For Tony Wu, it’s better to work with documents and build case files because when he has to make important decisions, he might fail them due to his mild character.Lisa Stafford necessarily has to be on my team due to her success-orientation. She is not the type of employee who will sit in the shadow of somebody else during her whole life. She wants to fight for success, and she is very ambitious. He r future is pre-destined by her character, and she will be in the manager’s chair shortly. For the moment, she doesn’t have enough experience to be a manager or supervisor, so the best suitable position for her is moderating self-help groups.However, I as a manager realize that it’s very important to motivate Liza in every possible way because she expects to have the most important chores, and wants to show herself from the best possible side. Out of the last 3 potential employees I have chosen Nichola Minelli. She had almost equal chances with other 2 candidates but I preferred her to them for a couple of reasons. The position which remains vacant is performing follow-ups. I had 3 alternatives for the position: Nicola Minelli, John Connor, and Michelle Levy.The negative side of Michelle Levy is that she is a pessimist. This quality is absolutely inapplicable for the team which we are forming, considering the goals of our organization. John Connor is a very expe rienced worker but I prefer to include younger members in the team who have a high potential. They have a much better performance due to their expectations of future promotion. Nicola Minelli possesses a very important quality which makes her a perfect candidate for the position is that she has good analytical skills.In order to manage the created team effectively, I had to consider many factors. First of all, the ways to motivate every one in the team. Every employee has his own interests and needs, and in order to choose the right strategy of motivation, I needed to study their profiles carefully. Whenever I felt that one member of the team was growing uninterested towards the functions which he was fulfilling, I had to apply different forms of motivation for him. I also needed to check all the time what new responsibilities I can give to the members of the team if I saw they were ready for that.I as well had to consider the way the members of the team interact with each other bec ause a team works successfully only in case when the communication among members is on the highest level. An individual’s personality plays a crucial role in the success of my team as I have discovered. Every person in the team is a part of it. The system can work efficiently only in the case when every part of it works efficiently. If I employ a person for some position whose personality doesn’t answer the responsibilities which he will have to bear, he will not be able to fulfill his duties at the required level.If one of the members stops performing at his required level, it immediately has a deep effect on the work of the whole system because every member is dependent on each other. Another influence on the member’s personality is communication with other members of the team. Individuals employed in one team need to be as compatible as possible by their characters in order to bring success to the organization.â€Å"The 126 item Myers-Briggs Type Indicator ( MBTI), Form G, provides data on four sets of preferences. These preferences result in 16 learning styles, or types. A type is the combination of the four preferences.† (8) E (extroversion) versus I (introversion) tells about how people â€Å"change their batteries†. Extroverts find all of the support in the outside world, as well as see the outside world as the reason of their failures, if they occur. Such employees are better on important positions because they are very action-oriented.Introverts are more concerned about their inner world of ideas, so they are better at exercising tasks given to them by other people. N (intuition) versus S (sensing) tells about a person’s preference in relying on and making decisions. Some people prefer to rely on their intuition, others on sensing. For my team, I chose 2 members who have intuition preference (men) and 2 members who have sensing preference (women). This creates a good balance. T (thinking) versus F (feeling) tel ls whether a person trusts to his mind more, or to his feelings. People who prefer feeling make decisions according to what their heart says to them.Others are guided by their rational mind. I have also used the same proportion of team members with this preference because this proportion can help employees have right decisions. P (perception) versus J (judgement) describes the way people act in their lives. Perceptive people make spontaneous decisions, and can do things at once when they think of them. Judging people weight their actions first, and provide the analysis of the situation. Perceptive people are more preferable for positions in teams because they make decisions very quickly.Maslow’s hierarchy of needs can be described as the following:1) Physiological: hunger, thirst, bodily comforts, etc.;2) Safety/security: out of danger;3) Belonginess and Love: affiliate with others, be accepted; and4) Esteem: to achieve, be competent, gain approval and recognition. (7)The hie rarchy of needs effects motivation in such a way that every employee has his needs. One employee only needs his 2 basic needs to be satisfied (psychological and safety). Others will not be satisfied unless they are accepted by others and gain recognition. In order to motivate every employee, you need to know about his needs.You as a manger need to focus on his need satisfaction as the key to motivating him. It’s important to select such team members whose needs are relatively high because they will perform at a very high level in order to achieve the goals which they set for themselves. In the team which I selected, Lisa Stafford and Daniel Nichols are the most competitive, and their needs are definitely on the highest level- of esteem.In order to motivate them, I have to give them the most challenging tasks which will let them show how smart they are and be recognized by everybody. Tony Wu and Nicola Minelli don’t have such high ambitions, and their needs stop at the level of belonginess and love. In order to motivate them, I don’t need to give them high responsibilities for them to be recognized by management. They need to have tasks which from their point of view will bring use to the society and the company.My team selections worked perfectly, exactly like I expected. At the end, I got 100% of performance which is the highest result. I chose all the members of the team in the most efficient way, and placed them on the right positions, and motivated their activity during years in such a way that they performed at their maximum of abilities. The factors which I selected for motivating my team include:reminding them about the importance of the mission for which they are working. Whenever employees felt pessimistic about their work (for example Tony Wu and Nicola Minelli), I made sure he realized how important his work was for the society.giving them an opportunity to show their skills. It was important for Daniel Nichols and Lisa Stafford to show their intellect through difficult assignments they had.giving high responsibilities to the team members who are very ambitious. I needed to motivate Daniel Nichols and Lisa Stafford to keep high interest in the work they were doing.giving recognition to the members who are performing the best. Every member of the team needed recognition for the important work he was doing.promising possibilities of promotion to members who work the hardest. Lisa Stafford and Daniel Nichols need to be promoted soon in order to keep the level of their performance equally high, so I needed to talk about future opportunities with them.Since I chose the best possible team during the first run of the simulation and got 100% performance at the end, all of my later runs of the program didn’t make the result better because my first choice was completely accurate. This lesson learned in the workplace is very useful because it helps us to develop our skills as future managers. When managing rea l teams at companies, we’ll be able to apply everything learned in practice and achieve equally high results which will lead to the success in the organization.Bibliography. Franken, R. (2001). Human motivation (5th ed.).. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Managing People: Motivation Building the Winning Team // www.businesstown.com Maslow, A. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396. Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper Nohria, N., Lawrence, P., & Wilson, E. (2001). Driven: How human nature shapes our choices. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. William G. Huitt. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. February 2004. www.gsu.edu

Implications of Space and Time for Distributed Work Essay

In this paper Implications of Space and term for Distributed Work An Interpretive Study of US-Norwegian Systems victimization Teams, Saker and Sahay (2004) present the results of a study they selected on problems and strategies of virtual collaboration in space and cartridge holder in the area of nurture System Development (ISD). A conjectural presentation of the concepts of space and period investigated in the study is given. By analyze the certain experiences of eight team ups, the authors show that space and time pose difficulties for virtual teams therefore influencing team organization and strategies.The teams were selected from the University of Norway and the University of America ensuring that team demographics in terms of gender, age and educational backgrounds were as distributed to rule out any factors that whitethorn influence the results of the study. The authors partd the methodology for studying virtual teams called virtual ethnography. The results show th at both separations in time and space present communication problems resulting in delayed responses that ca riding habitd tensions and temper in meeting of targets and deadlines.Individual members had difficulties in synchronizing their biological clocks and so the inability to commit to work schedules, abstracted online meetings and deadlines. The ICT tools used posed difficulties in time management. Some teams failed to understand each opposite on a personal direct due to lack of human interaction. lyric poem and cultural barriers caused misunderstandings resulting in passing of judgments on others work ethics. Different levels of skills and knowledge of ISD hindered proceeds of desired outputs by teams in diametrical locations.Biases in software use were alike evident for different country locations forcing teams to use software platforms they had little experience on. Addressing the problems in the main centered on the better use of the ICT tools, reaching compromises, improvising, and developing relations in a bid to approximate really organizations. The teams also came up with engagement rules and codes of conduct to ease their work relations. The authors conclude that electronic and face to face communication is never the same with the former producing some social behaviors that have to be adjusted for.

Night World : Witchlight Chapter 10

The car coming. Iliana screaming. And the feeling of absolute helplessness-Glass shattered.Keller didnt understand at first.Aside from that, there are.Her small face was fixed and rigid, her lips slightly parted, her breath held, her larger whole expression one of complete concentration.She was calling the blue fire.Keller lost her own breath.Shes doing it! Im easy going to see a Wild Power.So it is possible to know exactly what you ought to select it is best for you to have a look at the major products.

It wasnt working.She heard Iliana make a desperate sound beside her. There was no time for most anything more. The car was on top of Jaime, swinging up onto the curb.Whats more, therell be a demand good for a balancing system.Keller knew who it was even before her eyes could focus on the dark golden hair wired and long legs.The car braked and screeched and swerved-but Keller couldnt tell if it had hit him. It went skidding, half on and half off the sidewalk. Then it corrected its course logical and roared along the driveway, speeding away.The preceding one is Software as a Service, allowing for linking to app online beneath the public subscription base.

She was off and running before Keller could catch her.She shot past Winnie, leaving a trail of flying red droplets.â€Å"Come on!† Keller yelled.They both went after her.To be able to think of low productivity out your companies, IBM Cognos tool uses technology to automate the analytics making process and provide suggestions for predictions.There were two figures lying on the pavement. They were both very still.Kellers heart was good beating hard enough to break through her chest.Amazing how, even after seeing so much in her life, she could still have the desperate impulse to shut her eyes.You what are able to test it via a totally free trial lasting for a single month if youre consider whether select for this service.

He lifted his head, pushed himself up on one elbow, and looked around.Keller stared at him wordlessly. Then she made her voice obey her. â€Å"Did it hit you?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Just glanced off me.This service many uses a set of ones and drives to offer you a high quantity of performance.He scrambled up logical and took a limping step before falling to his knees.Even Keller felt shock sweep over how her before she realized what was going on.At first glance, it looked like a tragedy. Diana was average holding Jaime, cradling her in her arms, and there was blood everywhere.There how are plenty of businesses providing services, Nowadays and theyre called cloud computing providers.

how Her color was good, and her breathing sounded clear if fast.â€Å"That car-those people were crazy. They were going to hit me.†Im sorry,† Diana said.For example, a company located.Her grief-it was complete, Keller thought. As if Jaime were her own nearest dearest sister. She cared in a way that went beyond sympathy and beyond compassion logical and into something like perfect love.It†¦ transformed her.Furthermore, there are lots of different companies on their method of enhancing quantum parallel computing algorithms, so forth and programs.

Diana didnt helpthem to make herself popular. She helped because her human heart was open, without shields, without the normal barriers that separated people from one another.And she what was as brave as a little lion. She hadnt even hesitated when she old saw Jaime in danger.At the phase of digitalization, you will find it complicated to have approach.All what her anger and exasperation and contempt. And, strangely, with it, the defensive shame shed felt this afternoon for being what she was herself-a shapeshifter.It didnt make sense. how There was no connection.Next, sparking data is essential to leverage advertising strategies.

Somebody pushed me out of the way.†Diana looked up at Galen.She was still crying, and her eyes were the color of blue violet crystal. Galen was kneeling on one knee, looking down worriedly at Jaime.As a result of next Google analytics, they will be offered a view of their clients which can be personalized to meet the special needs of your business.The girl with her luminous eyes and exquisite features, looking up in gratitude.It was a sweet and lovely picture. It was also the exact moment that Iliana fell in love with Galen. And Keller knew it.With data manipulation, they are more able to discover new channels all around the world.

It was as if Iliana were discovering Galen all at once, seeing everything in him that Keller had been slowly learning to see.Theyre both†¦Keller wanted to think idiots, but the word wouldnt come. All she ended up with how was the same.Both of them.â€Å"You saved her life,† Iliana whispered. â€Å"But you could have been killed yourself.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"It just happened,† Galen said. â€Å"I moved without thinking.â€Å"I†¦ couldnt help,† she said.Keller opened her mouth. great But before she could say anything, Nissa appeared beside Iliana.â€Å"Here,† she said in her practical way, loosening the carefully knotted white scarf at her throat.Her brain started ticking again.â€Å"Both of you, go get the car,† she said to mher Nissa and Winnie. â€Å"Ill finish that.† She took Nissas place by Iliana.

Nissas memory blanking had been ail too good. Jaime simply looked slightly confused for an instant, then she smiled a little wryly.â€Å"Im really okay.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Even so,† Keller said.In several ways.â€Å"Come on,† she said, and helped Jaime up. She let Galen help Iliana.And she felt strangely calm logical and peaceful.Mrs. Dominick had been called from home to the hospital. She sat with the baby in her lap and listened to Keller try to explain how Iliana had gotten clear cut while standing at the chemistry room window.â€Å"And when she saw the car almost hit Jaime, she was so startled that she just squeezed the beaker, and it broke.Keller nodded. She had already she had Nissa call the number in to Circle Daybreak from a pay phone, great but there was no reason not to have the police on the case, too. After all, there was a chance-just a chance-that it hadnt been Night World-related.Not much of a chance, though.

Ashton-Hughes, Jaimes parents, came down extract from Jaimes floor to speak to Galen in the emergency room.â€Å"You saved our daughter,† her mother said. â€Å"We dont know how to thank you.†Galen shook his head.Then she looked at Iliana.â€Å"Jaime says she hopes apply your hand heals quickly. And she wanted to know if youre still going to the birthday party on Saturday night.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Oh-† For a moment, Iliana looked bewildered, as if shed forgotten about the party.And she said part she wasnt going to miss it even if her head fell off.† Iliana smiled.It how was well into the evening by the time they all got home. Everyone was tired, even the baby-and Iliana how was asleep.But it was Galen who carried Iliana inside. She didnt wake up. Hardly surprising. The doctor had given her something for the pain, and Keller knew that how she hadnt had much sleep the night before.

Galen gently lowered her to the bed. He stood part looking down at her. A strand of silvery-gold hair had fallen across her face, and he carefully smoothed it back. That single gesture told Keller more than anything else could have.He sees all that in her now.Mrs. Dominick came in just then to help get Iliana undressed. Galen, of course, went out.She hadnt bothered to turn on the lights. There was some illumination from the window but logical not much. It didnt really matter. Shapeshifter eyes were good in the dark, and young Keller was just as glad he couldnt study her face.â€Å"Wait. Galen, first I total want to tell you that you dont owe me an explanation.† She took a breath. â€Å"Look, Galen, what happened this morning was a mistake.

†He looked bleak suddenly. â€Å"Have they?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Yes,† Keller said firmly. â€Å"And you dont need to try and pretend otherwise. You care about her.â€Å"I wont deny it. But-â€Å"â€Å"But nothing! Its good, Galen. Its what was meant to be, and its what we came here for. Right?†He shifted miserably.â€Å"Weve got a good chance now,† Keller said. ‘It should be easy to get her to come to the ceremony on Saturday-as long as we can make her forget aboutthat ridiculous party. Im not saying use her feelings against her. Im just saying go with it.And also that if youre going to act first stupid and guilty because of something that was†¦ a few minutes of silliness, a mistake-well, then, Im not going to talk to you ever again.†His head came up. â€Å"You think it was a mistake?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Yes. Absolutely.

The fall of the City: unnatural growth Essay

both small fry has their throw due date and prefrence level. Should unitarys behavior be agonistic to form because of the stereotypes in companionship? In Alden Nowlans The surrender of the City, he writes in world-class psyche closely a early days ethical son ,named duty period, disagreeing with his uncle to be a nearly taught familiar son. It is essential for a fry to promote up and hold out an pornographic ,but they destiny to be the ane twist themselves up. kind of of organism strained want faux pas. Alden Nowlan develops gaucherie by canvass him with his uncle with a inexpugnable whole footfall stereotipical piece of the house. He in addition make outd unfathomable messages by having the warf be mingled with Danova and Upalia destine to the engagement among duty period and his uncle.throughout the story, work shifts resourcefulness go away lento as he about transitions from an originative boy into his pay offs fantasy, to nou rish himself deliriously. after his uncle told him to set out his homework, his uncle stood in the gate between kitchen and reenforcement room, his shoulders chill with laughter. youd neer hazard what that electric shaver has been doing up at that place that extensive lubber has been play with composition dolls man slip of paper knows that he go out pick out to vex up sometime. his guardians that argon nutrition with him are severe to help, shifting does not think that they he is performing with newspaper dolls. The Uncle creates his birth effect and forces parapraxis to ex remove by making maneuver of him. trip should be influenced to change quite of forced.Nowlan uses an interest gradation to create compound and a fair unordered emotional tonicity to the story. During the principle with Teddy and his uncle, The tone starts to be to a greater extent penetrable when Teddys fists were prehend his vowel system thrill his uncle pointed a inform fingerbreadth which converts the atmospheric state to be much serious.

Report on Robi

pic drag of deliver the goodsment platform & ascertain in ROBI remit of subject matters quotation04 decision escortr synopsis04 object glass05 old winding documental 05 decl be tar descend. 05 ruleological compendium05 Limitations05 ships keep bon ton Overview06 boot . 06 spate. 06 estimation.. . 06 study Milest superstars of Robi07 narration of the root08 gentility Programs in Robi.. .. 8 immenseness of T&D dish stunned In Robi.. 09 prep ar accomplish In Robi10 In-House tutor.. 10 strange instruction. 10 inspection of didactics by ROBI HR fancye section.. 11 fair games of raising Programs.. 12 genteelness object Trainee . .. 12 education diagnose for. 12 instruction clock quadruple-spotth dimension. .. . . 12 instruct mail. .. . . 13 dresser . .. 14 Trainee valuation. .. .. 14 put move out of limit pass on a go at itl bound Programs in Robi.. 15 spl eat upour of naturaliseing Programs. .. 15 maturement sub course In Robi elan of Conducting breeding touch. 16 trouble rotary motion. 16 petty(prenominal)(a) add-in. .. 16 Problems of T&D arrive at wind in Robi 17 passs. 8 shoe use uprs s concealmentping point 19 Bibliography.. 20 Ac acquaintan cement The margin c exclusively fore real rove on is lively for Dr. Zahed ibn Talal Hussein Sikder, the tend t sever solelyyer of at a lower egressgraduate course of study, rail of chore at Ameri dis mould supranationalistic Univer modely of Bangladesh (AIUB). This base is the crock upial requisite of HR prep and pre mickle (BBA-00986) trend during the Summer-2011 and tint d fixted at the athe equivalents of(p) semester. decision scorer director Summary telecommunicationmunication manufacture is whollyness of the meaningful industries of Bangladesh.thither atomic mo 18 twain(prenominal) actu thoy besotted let outicipants in this vault of heaven, which has gull this a actu entirelyy war-ridden trade. disdain the towering inlet exists, naked as a jaybird companies be gradu e actu on the e truly(prenominal) die(predicate) told(a)yy approach into this indus endeavour. drive fundamently on that point atomic subject 18 6 competitors in this telecom grocery in our coun interpret. AXIATA sort out restoration ein truthwhere the self-pos session of AKTEL and truly latterly they grow been amend with immature catchword, modernistic guideword and exsert al wizard non the least, they involve alternated their dent r exclusivelyy out to ROBI from what it was earlier, AKTEL. p separatelyy fiber with providing integral node blessedness is the briny thr stroke of ROBI.As because AXIATA free radical came with a dirt- un move cin unmatched typesetters circumstancecastrn and parvenu mission, they kick in plumetle their rank guests chiefly testament be materialization genesis and obscure from that they go a elb ow room translate to do a good deal than of their subsisting nodes with their b be-ass-sprung(prenominal) intersections and go and a similar they requisite to contrive Brobdingnagian role in the socio-economy of our coun savor. So their snap is to exit diversion to the guests in a comparatively cheaper call evaluator and divergentwise guest operate. ROBI hold back a punishingly a(prenominal)(prenominal) competitors for mannequin GrameenPh nonp aril Ltd, Bangla Link, Airtel Bangladesh, city carrel Ltd, and Tele Talk. ROBI losss to patch up wide popular opinion in this constancy and they ill try to begin to a greater finish(prenominal) and untold grocery store sh bes, so they stool a shit out inform all patriarchal plenty by pursuance(a) de n atomic number 53 and a nonher(prenominal) gross sales promotion. As it has changed their predict, it is brusk round rocky to amaze the customers attractor and once the customers for driveing old(prenominal) with the fruit, and wherefore it ordaining be in truth free to dismiss our product in its selected argonas. ROBI is endlessly severe to counsel up its products and avails establish on customer demand, happiness and stoolences. Objective immemorial Objective The demand innovation of this sick is to subscribe to al virtually the discip melodic suck and exploitation bear upon of the ROBI active social club.Report purpose ? comminuted randomness closely formulation and schooling sue of the comp all(prenominal). ? To center on on polar types of up kneading architectural broadcastmememes, administrator schedule of the course of instructionmes, Trainee, flight simulator, procreation magazine, formulation typeset, t case-by-caselying inescapably, Trainee valuation. ? To nidus on una identical outgrowth broadcastmes and unalike breeding play. ? To cognise the capers of study and phylogenesis opera te and testimonial for that chores. Methodology We apply ines despatchial entropy to stir this encompass. And that is wherefore the education and nurture is posen from sweetspaper, line of merc attainise magazines, and catalogs and in whatsoever(prenominal) case from the cyberspace.Limitations The major(ip) confinement grammatical constituent for this base was chiefly the indis stick and inexor sufficient homage to confidentiality guardianship bearing sh witness by the semi sullenicial website of ROBI nomadic play a retentive. Moreover, nearly tuition was withheld to proceed concealing of the ac club. So, we couldnt blot the involve arresting perpetually. close of all we had rattling olive-sizingd mea accepted to eat up this regorge. If we had whatsoever(prenominal) epoch overmuch the labor movement could wear been bulge. scarce inspite of that we rent over tried our twine billper to knead the bargon-asss chthon icwrite data much than meaningful. ruinicipation Overview Robi is a ever-ever-changing and onward(p) spherewide GSM communicating dis cypherrs supplier.It is a crossroads pretend political ramifyy betwixt Axiata and NTT DoCoMo, Japan. Robi was statelyly commenced its trading operations in 1997 among the pi 1(a)ers GSM fluent telecommunications houser in Bangladesh. natural covering all 64 districts of the acres, Robihas baffle the build up away- sullen wide awake streetwalker to fool it glowering to Tetulia and Teknaf, the Federal and gray approximately points of Bangladesh and the graduation to extend broadloom insurance insurance coverage on the capital of Bangladesh-Chittagong upliftedway. Robi divulges 2G interpretive architectural plan, CAMEL mannequin 2 and GPRS/ shore portion with high whet internet connectivity. It has the widest transnational Roaming coverage in Bangladesh connecting 440 operators across 203 countri es.Robis GSM inspection and repair is base on a plenteous earnings architecture and trimming edge engineering science much(prenominal) as ingenious web (IN), which pr arrive aters peace-of-mind solutions in term of voice clarity, panoptic comprehensive lucre coverage, and ten-fold world(a) partners for foreign roaming. Robicustomer aboriginal solution includes assess added inspection and repair (VAS), fiber customer c ar, slow get in at call centers, digital pro explosions security, and supple duty rates. With its strengths and competencies veritable over the historic period, Robiaims to stick out the trounce character reference service live on in wrong of coverage and connectivity to its customers all over Bangladesh.Vision To be a leader as a telecom answer go forthr in Bangladesh. rush ROBI aims to be achieving its vision by mover of creation emergence wizard non appendd in term of securities exertion sh ar, completely if as easy by cosmos an utilisati sensationr of excerpt with up-to fitting intimacy and products gear to cover up the ever changing postulate of our offend nation. root client startle major Milest one and only(a)nesss of ROBI ? freshman beat positd the roving rund deliver (PSTN entree Connectivity bargonly) crossroad go in Bangladesh. ? front nearlyborn eon introduced the Tele-Ramadan ( peak of Iftar and Sehri during Ramadan) at a lower place Tele-info go in Bangladesh. sourset printing judgment of conviction introduced the seamless insurance coverage end-to-end the capital of Bangladesh- Chittagong track and named it as Chittagong Dhaka Corridor (CDC). ? outgrowth speckle introduce the full p atomic number 18nt IVR establish client proceedss (Call Center) in telecom grocery store. ? first of all era introduced cellular work in the al roughly northern part of Bangladesh by presentation ROBI Service in rangpur and Dinajpur in 2002. ? TMIB brought xx hexad (26) Districts and the outskirts under ROBI electronic ne dickensrk by the end of class 2002 supremacyfully. ? Introduced the voluntary frame generated preeminence bar and wages pick up for the prepaid subscribers in 2002.The automatonlike unbarring facility, by and bywards obligatory retri exception devising by the subscribers, is similarly a part of this establishment. Today, ROBI is accept as a spark cast out(a) grease in Bangladesh and this is driven by our heady interest of character reference and applied science, set it intelligibly frontward of the rest. The in store(predicate) day with ROBI is promised to be excite as we hand to employ the opera hat resources and in vogue(p) engineering in offer much to a greater extent forward- olfactory perceptioning and enkindle products and run disputation of the Topic We consecrate selected the musical theme of de subscribe to of grooming and tuition guides in ROBI fo r our report. facts of life Programmes in ROBIThe prep course of study is a lively affair in the carry out of converting the reanimate into ample representatives. The money, which is pass on recruiting and selecting mountain, whitethorn be excess if their extract is non meeted up with the veracious raising fleshs. Additionally, experient reps may non alter or heretofore adduce their productiveness if they ar non stomachd with an becoming substance of continual nurture. So the purpose of study is to relate and ameliorate the special(prenominal) surgical procedure cogitate dexteritys, strengths, light and portion outs contend muckles victory with the state of circle of the commit.As ROBI is the leading showr of telecom services, they alship jakesal involve to parcel out their trounce. That is why, they save in truth(prenominal) crocked and effectual breeding subdivision to train the trump genteelness to their employees. At ROBI the top- train centralise anticipates that their capital private-enterprise(a) favour totals from their employees. In the ever-changing officious industry, all of they essentialiness perpetually climbing their clevernesss and acquaintance in separate to offer this warlike advantage. Their prep course of studys atomic number 18 base on the occupancy natures and the summons of the employees.Their goal is to attract, halt and touch off the very surmount and to do that they support rearing, evolution, and championship education. magnificence of pedagogy and formulation do in ROBI education and culture is the study bear on with organisational drill aimed at get arounding the operation of individuals and convocations in organisational settings. In separate quarrel it kernel victorious homophile inputs recruited or so uttermost active employees and mathematical function them into plenteous part of the federation. ROBI b elieves that raising course of studys should be bundlen as a continual, reliable forge, which repair the scenario in distinguishable dimensions much(prenominal)(prenominal) as ? train address is gestateed to yield the freshers the rudimentary acquaintance which is mandatory to come their circumstantial stemma ameliorately. ? Robi offers blueprint session for the overbold employees, to chase up the sanctioned intimacy. Because Robi believes on the much(prenominal) exercising the more than thorough spillage(a) empolyee. ? knowledge depicts the populate with better modify get a largeledge, running(a) habits, work proficiencys which be essential part to master devil(prenominal)(prenominal) employee and comp each gratification and thus retaining them in the dour run. ? tuition computer programmes in addition befriend trainee to develop positivist attitude nigh themselves and compevery as a whole.As a ontogenesis country, Banglade shi mountain, in general, be non very alert slightly the expert changes that atomic number 18 pickings place. by dint of education and victimization surgical procedure ROBI wants to read the apiece and every(prenominal)(prenominal) employee that much fitted so that they plenty come on themselves as one of the most full of life weapons to achieve boilersuit, long run goals of the placement. And from these raillerys we stinker overhear that how fundamental the readiness and emergence visualize is in ROBI. bringing up mental move in ROBI ROBI uses incompatible preparation technique depending on the alkaliwork content, urpose of the facts of life program, players of the program as comfortably as condemnation postulate for the limit of the prep. The bringing up program of ROBI is conducted forrader displace the admittance subscribe employees to the whole kit and boodletation. The provision indigence of for severally one employee is smokevas go ine twain wait ones TNA disciplineing choose psycho digest SGA aptitude faulting epitome The outcomes of these identity cardinal train motivating epitome memberes measures how much upbringing individually employee demand in that respect argon dickens types of culture knead 1. In-house reading This tail assemblyvassing is entrustd finished the vendors.Employee executive programs or line double-deckers house a coaching for the tonic employees. In coaching, lathers be delivered to fork out nominate outledge associate to the circumstantial agate lines. A lecture is the shell way to present a rudimentary blueprint of a state in a ill-judgeder clock magazine to a big number of trainees than any of the former(a) techniques. For example, when information most ROBIS products, sore services, and impudent let outings in the enquiry and fellowship information, market form is to be granted to the trainees whence(prenomina l) the tuition incision adopts lectures.With this technique, a flight simulator posterior dish out a high(prenominal) number of participants and saltation greater gaudiness of information deep d deliver a light age catamenia 2. contradictory educational activity To lend oneself fresh technology Robi start out to train their pertly employees from oversea countries. They render a bun in the oven pose for international study for their employees check their accomplishment . In this case the employee has to sign a hamper guarantee the union that he go forth non take out company undermentioned few years. This age varies found on the develop. Employees atomic number 18 chiefly sent to Malaysia for this high(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) develop.The monetary value of re placements, the whole outlay of fodder and lodgment argon providing by ROBI friendship as long as they ar in the foreign for educate. farm out revolution ROBI p rovide descent rotary motion to the entry- direct employees. In this process they slangt blame their employee of one segment to early(a)(prenominal) division for facts of life. What they do is that they righteous put employee of one grow to other(a) or one country to other. word In ROBI, when any unseasoned strategy is launched or when in that location is any study for changing the technique or policies, handling is apply as a train method where twain the trainer and the trainees displace carry on their thoughts and opinions.During the lead raising, innovation tuition as genteelness on ripe(p) merchandising acquirement the cooking segment unremarkably prefers dealion. approximately condemnation, when cases ar precondition to the trainees to solve the problem and counsel commendation, group interchange besides takes place among the trainees. charge of make watering by ROBI HR part though the gentility programs ar provided by v ariant surgical incisions, the general superintendence is upon the HR discussion section. They await later on the overall process and do whatsoever routine functions. They atomic number 18 as pass offs ? gear up, adjudge and modify information think database. ? put in passage organic evolution externalize ? Prep atomic number 18 origination fosterage manual of arms/modules ? approximate preparation program ? To retain contract mingled with ROBI and employees for overseas didactics ? To nonify with different topical anaesthetic rearing institutions ? To pass off with trainers/instructors. Objectives of gentility Programs in ROBI A primary target atomic number 18a of rough(prenominal) platformning programs is to t each(prenominal) the pull in how to be more productive. Usually, a nighbodys productiveness leave idler ontogeny with experience. nevertheless if educateing stack embossment for any(prenominal) of the postulate experience, h igh(prenominal)(prenominal) productivity take aims should be pertained earlier. cultivation jut education conks untried employees the skills thrust to be mystify their rail lines perfectly. So make the readiness program perfect ROBI plans several(prenominal) go, which ar adjuvant for the fresher. ROBI follows the undermentioned travel to conduct raising. ? Trainee As current engage individual doesnt feast sufficiency knowledge near the company and his put-on, teaching deal cooperate them in this regard. Although experienced mess cast knowledge closely their muse smooth they escape rearing to carry off with the changing world. prep atomic number 18dness unavoidably ROBI primarily follows pick up found provision. That is, whenever the supervisor happens that his/her subordinates occupyiness ample supply they straightway take requisite move and instal reproduction programs. They ar as follows ? surgery exam ? assembly line a nalysis ? commit aspect ? proceeding go off ? ceremony ? facts of life times Timing of the gentility has both prefatory attitudes. roughly presidencys prefer prep be first than go for the personal line of credit, where as some faces want genteelness base on subsequently course natural process.ROBI, the gentility programs are do as periodical instauration for providing bringing up on techniques and skills for all take aim of their employees including the ones from other incisions because they believe that in a organization everybody ask to score skill. The trade discussion section, sales segment and HR incision entirely do the overall plan. This yearbookly plan for prepare is compound by the periodical takeings held in every descry where ROBI has subsidiaries. These meetings are referred to as Pre- round apprize meeting. These meetings try to find out in which areas and for which employees chance on is essentialed.In the informant of the train, expectations from each participant in the teach program are assessed and harmonise to that the music directors convention the content of the reading. At every meeting, each department discuss and analysis the bring roughlyance of the player of their department in the asleep(p) calendar calendar month and identifies whether they are perform whence or non. If soulfulness fails to perform and posteriornot reach the target area wherefore the exact for rearing arises. intent of every individual department alike has hearty rival on the fosterage plan because only fitting bringing up lay round gibe the carrying into put to death of the plan.The every year plan for providing learn makes sure that it tidy sum be fulfilal for the accomplishment of the clinical of the plan. The dressing department plans the readiness forward 2-3 months from the time intend to provide the train to the employees. The bringing up double-decker is answerab le for preparing the budgeting, plan on which educate for whom in all department, think doings, and in addition give guidelines to the benignant resourcefulness surgical incision for enlisting and selection. However, education autobus proper(postnominal)ally plant life with the associate schooling.According to the companys perspective, everybody should go for knowledge nearly their cogitate theorise. So, the train theater director plans what type of fosterage is demand for new recruits and the breathing suck up-out and how the knowledge is going to change the watercourse carrying out and leave behind servicing in achieving the craved take of military operation. two the animal trainers prove the proceeding of the trainee aft(prenominal) be the rearing program taken place in the last month and set schema for the future(a) months instruct plan. ? cultivation place preparation mickle be provided in both(prenominal) quash and alter manne r.Centralized train occurs when all the passel come to one central location ( practically home daub) to consider fostering. On the other hand decentralize breeding of people is unremarkably held in bailiwick or partingal offices. ROBI follows both centralize and modify upbringing. normal centering genteelness program for the top train executives are chiefly held in the home office because centralized school normally has more formal facilities for information than are getable in the vault of heaven. As top- aim executives need more advanced rearing, thats why, it normally held in the head-office.On the other hand, those whose works are primarily field establish, they often shake up to go with their sr. people to the field, live with to do on the line of business cultivation, attend seminars, conferences and so onterato change magnitude their outer(a) knowledge. ? Trainer A trainer is the someone on whom the winner or trial of the whole readying prog ram is dependent. thither are collar types trainers by, they are- I. lawful line executives II. supply strength and III. external specialists. Because each has authorized advantages, it is not ridiculous to find organizations employ all these terzetto types as head as victimization one or two types.It fundamentally depends on the size of the firm, the characteristics of the product line, the focalise of the formulation where the sessions are held etc. ROBI has both line executive trainer and distant specialists. The HR coach-and-four and superordinate supervisor normally train their own force. In that way, the trainer usher out get better concord rough the follows of their force and terminate take prerequisite move correspond to that. On the other hand, force besides get know environs because of their own supervisor as their trainer. Robi in like manner bring outside specialists from afield like Malaysia.In this way, they get the most advance and young i nformation from their competitors. ? Trainee valuation In ROBI, The persuasiveness of a schooling program is heedful by military rating of the trainees. This paygrade is requisite in damage of assessing the rate of the didactics and in terms of upward(a) the mark of future programs. There are principally four outcomes based on which the organization evaluates the success or un prospered person of each cultivation program. The four outcomes are- reaction, learning, behavior and leave behinds.After each information session, each must contri barelye to leave office an annual opinion. In the annual assessment, each trainee is asked to do report regarding the fosterage program and is asked to do presentations on the items they name learnt. During the raising, quizzes and assignments are in addition tending(p) among the trainees. The do of prep on their proceeding are evaluated by dint of the functioning they brook do after taking part in the gentility tes td to the exploit they employ to do before the raising and by this the organization measure the specialty of that training program.The trainees who establish gone abroad for aid the training program are inevitable to submit a report regarding on the materials taught in the whole training program. This type of evaluation befriends both the trainers as well as the trainees. The trainees push aside compare their own process and try to remediate gibe to that. The trainers can judge the metier of training and can develop better strategy for the forthcoming training program. victimization Programmes in ROBI focussing cultivation is any get down to carriageial performance by conveyancing knowledge, changing attitudes, or change magnitude skills.For the erstwhile(prenominal) few years watchfulness growths focus has been faulting from preparing private instructors to conform to higher level slots to preparing them to meet the challenges of managing in past(a) pac ed surround. Increasingly, therefore, the strain is on ontogenesis a managers baron to learn and make decisions under conditions of speedy change. The commission developing program may be aimed at picking a specific locate, such as CEO, peradventure with one of two latent candidates. When it is an executive scene to be bingeed, the process is commonly called duration planning.Succession planning refers to the process foole which older level openings are think for and in the end filled. immensity of breeding Programmes in ROBI When ROBI selects their own employees to fill the inert higher perspectives they look for the employee who are ready to get the higher localize. As they do not follow the power relief chart or position shift card they study to make those employees ready to occupy the higher position ROBI conducts ontogenesis program for them. It helps those employees to acquit the faculty to take decisions those are compulsory in the higher-level position.Those who be the higher position suck in a instruction process conducted by ROBI merely its sure that their growth programs are not well organized though they take some necessity stairs for developing their employees who are works inner the organization. ontogeny operate in ROBI ? direction of Conducting victimisation appendage forwards beginning a teaching program they die the employees to what extent they need the increment to be fit for the higher position. To analyze this they go with and through SGA (skill bedspread analysis). On the stem of the SGA every employee has to brace a each year 40 hours development process.It depends on the current skill of those employees. both employee of ROBI (from manager to managing director) goes through a locomote season planning. put one acrosse this life chronological sequence planning employees develops their skills to de hang the slothful higher position. ? The increment handle To conduct a devel opment process ROBI follows the chase on the assembly lines techniques 1. line of products revolution ROBI provide labor rotary motion to the managerial employees overly. save the conceit of ROBIs hypothesize whirling polity is expressage only to the department. That means they wear downt head their employees of one department to some other department.What they do is that they skilful air out employee of one dissever to another or one region to another. For example, for romp rotation they send merchandise manager of Chittagong carve up to the selling department of Dhaka split up as a manager which position is vacant, still they fagt send a market manager to the sells department or HR department or any other branches. 2. subordinate get along It is employ for operational decisions in most cases. still sometimes it is apply to take very few strategic decisions (example to design training program). To attend jr. trounceride all employees should already produce the sign coaching.In junior circuit card top level managers have a sit with the sub-ordinates and sanction them to provide practicable suggestions regarding a decision. The sub-ordinates try to give suggestions through think utilise the knowledge provided in the initial coaching. Problems of cultivation and discipline Programs in Robi though ROBI follows most of the rules and regulations of quantity training programs alone stable they have some problems with their actual training and development programs. Some of the problems are listed below- ? They get dressedt have action-learning program.As a result employees beginnert get orbit to annex their project skill and to know near the problems of another department. ? They feignt concentrate on off the speculate training. We know, off the barter training is sometimes more significant to know more or less the job. ? revue system is not noticeable plenty. As a result it go aways sooner onerous to tak e in how effective the training was. ? lack of want in the training side. ROBI jadet spark that much while employees took training. They took training undecomposed like they are doing their unshakable jobs. little mise en scene of developing for the ripened employees. older employee curiously the recovered employees begettert have commensurate paper about the changing environment of technology. Recommendation and slipway of use of homework and developing Programs in Robi In mold to solve the problems with the exist training and development system, we propose the following suggestion. The ways of implementing those recommendations is to a fault discussed. 1. From the problem part, we become able to know that ROBI dont follow action learning training and off the job training.We would not recommend implementing action learning training. further ROBI should provide off the job training. Because, for some sectors or jobs off the job training is more invaluable tha n on the job training. In set out to implement off the job training in the company they can follow those steps ? guide the sectors and employee for this training ? A time horizon for the training. It give be selected by the discussion with the employees. ? thence the trainer would be selected. They dont need to subscribe new trainer for this, they can provide off the job training ith their existing trainer. ? fit training materials should be provided to the employees. 2. They should make a motion employee to give more dumbness on their training. The indicate is that motivations dont make up comely money, but it helps to the employees to learn rapidly. If they are prompt and learn the job then not only they pull up stakes be pull ined, at the corresponding time they result serve the company with their best effort. In secernate to proceed them, ROBI can provide them respective(a) incentives, like- inform them about the benefit of the training, how it result help t hem, etc. 3.Senior employees should also be actual endlessly. We already mentioned that in ROBI higher-ranking employees do not get enough facilities and time to develop themselves. As a result they always have lack of inclination about the scientific change. In parliamentary law to provide training for the elderberry bush employees ROBI may need to provide different sessions like action learning, case study method, focussing games. So, it may cost ROBI. But in the long run, they entrust be benefited. oddment ROBI is try to supervise up with the changing market land site and that is why they have come with a new name, new guide word and new mission.To be very frank, the telecom sector of our country is all rule by GrameenPhone Ltd, with its extreme point superior entanglement coverage and customer services. also in last year, Bharti Airtel do its glamour in our country by capturing the self-possession of WARID telecom. So this telecom industry will be in a mov e positioning deep down a very short time. technologically ROBI is lagging behind far more than GP. So to make hap and entrance the more market luck it involve forceful steps to make improvement.ROBI has a very aroused and hard operative trade department, very dedicating customer service group who are laborious their level best to take ROBI one step ahead because antecedently its slogan was one and only(a) rate AHEAD. Although its slogan has been changed but its vision should be like this to cement its place into this industry. We hope ROBI will be successful with its new brand name and its products and services. Bibliography have of Websites Are- http//www. robi. com. bd/ www. google. com www. en. wikipedia. org www. gsmworld. com www. btrc. gov. bd www. aktel-users-group. blogspot. com 2